1. Interphase: Cell growth and DNA replication, resulting in identical DNA.

2. Prophase: Chromatin condenses, and chromosomes become visible.

3. Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the cell's equator.

4. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate, and identical daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles.

5. Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes uncoil.

6. Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, and two identical daughter cells separate.

1. Interphase: Cell growth and DNA replication, resulting in identical DNA.

2. Prophase I:

- Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material (crossing over).

- Chromatin condenses, and chromosomes become visible.

3. Metaphase I: Paired chromosomes line up at the cell's equator.

4. Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate, and each member of the pair moves to opposite poles.

5. Telophase I: Nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes uncoil.

6. Prophase II:

- No DNA replication occurs.

- Chromosomes condense again.

7. Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at the cell's equator.

8. Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate, and each moves to opposite poles.

9. Telophase II: Nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes uncoil.

10. Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, and four haploid daughter cells separate.

- Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells with a full set of DNA (46 chromosomes in humans).

- Meiosis produces four genetically unique daughter cells with half the DNA (23 chromosomes in humans).

- Meiosis involves crossing over and independent assortment, generating variation.

Chromosomes during meiosis:

- Crossing over: Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, creating new combinations of alleles.

- Independent assortment: Homologous chromosomes separate independently during metaphase I, resulting in random combinations of chromosomes in the daughter cells.

2. Duplication: Each chromosome has already replicated its DNA during interphase, so each chromosome now consists of two identical sister chromatids.

3. Alignment: The condensed chromosomes line up at the cell's equator during metaphase, attached to the spindle fibers.

4. Separation: The sister chromatids separate during anaphase, moving to opposite poles of the cell.

5. Decondensation: The chromosomes uncoil and return to their interphase structure during telophase.

• Goal: Produce two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

• Steps:

1. Interphase: Cell growth and DNA replication.

2. Prophase: Chromatin condenses, and chromosomes become visible.

3. Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the cell's equator.

4. Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

5. Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes uncoil.

6. Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, and daughter cells separate.

1. Interphase: Cell growth and DNA replication.

2. Prophase I:

• Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material (crossing over).

• Chromatin condenses, and chromosomes become visible.

1. Metaphase I: Paired chromosomes line up at the cell's equator.

2. Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate, and each member of the pair moves to opposite poles.

3. Telophase I: Nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes uncoil.

4. Prophase II:

• No DNA replication occurs.

• Chromosomes condense again.

1. Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at the cell's equator.

2. Anaphase Il: Sister chromatids separate, and each moves to opposite poles.

3. Telophase II: Nuclear envelope reforms, and chromosomes uncoil.

4. Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, and four haploid daughter cells separate.