There were also some Eskimo peoples in this area (although they are grouped with Arctic peoples).

They used bows and arrows, spear-throwers, and basket traps to FISH. To hunt, mobility also was important and they used vehicles like bark canoes and hardwood toboggans (from the fur trade period, dogs pulled toboggans) and travel aids like snowshoes and snow goggles.

They dried, smoked, and cached their food resources since starvation was always a potential problem.

Wigwams were common among the Algonquian peoples and they were similar to the tipis of the Plains peoples. There were also other types of houses found in this area.

Eskimos hunted animals, including birds, caribou, seals, walrus, polar bears, whales, and fish. This provided nutrition for at least ten months. Aleuts also hunt, fish, and gather food.

For hunting, they would use bows and arrows (to hunt game animals) and for fishing, they would use traps, nets, and hooks. They used dog sleds for transportation.

In general, the Arctic peoples relied on hunting and gathering for food.

Some Arctic peoples near the ocean built temporary houses called igloos. Hunters and fishermen used these.

They also built special large houses called kashim for public and ceremonial uses.

Most peoples of the Northeast were of the Iroquoian, Algonquian, or Siouan language families (these language families were composed of very different peoples).

The Iroquoian language family included the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca.

The Algonquian language family the included Algonquin, Wampanoag, Mohican, Mohegan, Objibwe, Illinois, etc.

With these, they made soups and stews.

They also hunted and gathered.

There were also the Natchez, Caddo, Apalachee, Timucua, and Guale peoples. Many of the Southeastern tribes descended from the Mississippians.

Their farming method was to burn the remainders left from the previous harvest to fertilize their fields. Like the Northeast peoples, they girdled and burned trees for more land.

Because animals were abundant, they hunted deer, elk, black bears, beavers, squirrels, rabbits, otters, raccoons, and turkeys. Some even hunted turtles and aligators.

They built different houses for the winter (circular and sealed tight) and the summer (rectangular and used clay).

• Algonquian: Blackfoot, Arapaho, Atsina, Plains Cree, Saulteaux, Cheyenne

• Siouan: Mandan, Hidatsa, Crow, Assiniboin, Omaha, Ponca, etc.

• Caddoan: Pawnee, Arikara, Wichita

• Uto-Aztecan: Wind River Shoshone, Comanche

• Athabaskan: Sarcee

• Kiowa-Tanoan: Kiowa

After the horses came, hunters started using horses and guns to hunt game animals. Many planted their crops in the spring, spent the summer as nomadic hunters, and returned to their villages in the autumn for the harvest.

Teepees were made of buffalo skins and had paintings representing the visions or war exploits of the eldest male of the family.

The lodges were dome shaped and made up of earth.

Some large groups formed camp circles which had ceremonial structures in the center.

Many tribes (like the Hopi, the Zuni, the Yaqui and the Yumalived) lived in settlements called pueblos, while some others (like the Navajo and the Apache) were nomadic.

The wild food resources varied depending on elevation and proximity to water. Higher areas had more precipitation and resources like rattlesnakes, rabbits, coyotes, bobcats, and mule deer. Lower areas had less precipitation and resources like grasses and antelope. River valleys had cottonwood, willow, mesquite, and sycamore trees, and mule deer, fish, and waterfowl.

Others living close to water source lived in dome-shaped houses built with logs, straw, and clay. Some nomadic peoples built teepees and hogans (houses built with stone, logs, and earth) that supported more mobility.

It stretches from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevadas. (east-west)

The Hokan language was spoken by the Washoe.

The Numic languages were separated into more specific languages: the Western Numic languages, spoken by the Eastern Mono, Northern Paiute groups, and the Bannockl; the Central Numic languages, spoken by the Gosiute, Timbisha, Western Shoshone, and the Comanche.

They consumed roots, seeds and nuts and hunted snakes, lizards and small mammals. Some fished or farmed (a little) if they had close proximity to lakes.

Their tools were the bow and arrow, stone knife, rabbit stick, digging stick, basket, net, and flat seed-grinding slab and hand stone.

Their houses were called wikiups, and they were made of willow poles or saplings, leaves and brush.

Their villages in the winter were located close to water sources and wood, while in the summer they were moved often to search for food.

Most peoples throughout the area relied on acorns as they were a staple. They used acorns to get flour and made soup, mush, or bread out of it.

Many hunted for game animals. Some others in the coastal area fished for shellfishes and deep-sea fishes in mountain streams, and other game animals. Some others in the desert area consumed pinon nuts, mesquite fruit, and rabbits.

Their tools for hunting varied depending on the environment they lived in.

The type of houses varied throghout different regions (environments). Most were dome or cone shaped and were covered with grasses, brush, or bark. Others were wood-framed or earth-covered. Some others were temporary.

It is located between the Pacific Ocean and the mountains of the Coast Range and the Cascades.

It is located between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Cascade Range and Canadian Coast Ranges on the west.

The group that spoke the Salishan was called the Salish and they contained tribes like the Flathead, Coeur d’Alene, Kalispel, Lillooet, Shuswap, and Spokan.

Others included the Klamath, Klikitat, Modoc, Nez Perce, Walla Walla, and Yakima.

The men built traps to capture a large amount of fish (mostly salmon), then the women dried the captured fish for longer preservation.

Although fishing was the major way of obtaining food, some did hunting and gathering like others for more food.

They mainly fished, fishing for fishes like salmon or trout. Like the people on the Northwest Coast, they dried the fish to preserve them for the winter. They also hunted for game animals, both small and big.

They also gathered many plants like roots and wild berries.

In summer, they hunted and gathered food to prepare for the winter. Thus, they had multiple bases of operation and separated to work. In the winter, they moved into the village again and resided in their main family house.

They built rectangular houses with wood from nearby forests. The houses had a central fire pit.

The houses in their villages had two types: the pit house and the mat-covered surface house.

The mat-covered surface houses were sometimes used for the summer.