Sort term and long term changes in the carbon and water cycle by Tom https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo Diurnal, Seasonally, Annually, beyond en-us 2017-11-22 09:34:46 UTC 2023-03-30 14:46:29 UTC hello@padlet.com Diurnal change - water cycle https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209418316 Lower temperatures at night reduce evaporation and transpiration. Conventional precipitation, dependent on direct heating of the ground surface by the sun, is a daytime phenomenon often falling in the afternoon when temperatures reach a maximum. This is particularly significant in climatic regions where the bulk of precipitation is from conventional storms. ]]> 2017-11-22 12:05:36 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209418316 Long term - water cycle changes in glacial periods. https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209418413  -During glacial and interglacial phases, evapotranspiration rates change. exchange of water between the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and soils. In glacial periods, temperatures are sub-zero, this causes low flows of water, as water is frozen. this slows the water cycle appreciably]]> 2017-11-22 12:06:01 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209418413 Seasonal changes: water cycle https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209419298 Seasonal changes with high levels of precipitation lead to increased surface runoff and channel flow. In mountainous regions increased channel flow and run off due to the melting of ice. With large losses of precipitation to evapotranspiration and the exhaustion of soil moisture, river flows in England are normally at their lowest in late summer. ]]> 2017-11-22 12:08:33 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209419298 Long Term Changes https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209419455 Each glacial cycle lasted around 100,000 years. Our most recent cycle was around 20,000 years ago where annual temperatures in the British isles were 5 C lower then today. ]]> 2017-11-22 12:09:14 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209419455 Long term: In last 400,000 years, there has been 4 major glacials- these consist of a cold glacial followed by an inter glacial and then another cold glacial. https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209419504 2017-11-22 12:09:25 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209419504 Diurnal change - carbon cycle https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209419867 Flows vary both diurnally and seasonally. In the daytime CO2 flows from the atmosphere to vegetation, but in the night it is reversed. Without sunlight, there is no photosynthesis, causing vegetation to lose CO2 to the atmosphere. 

This is the same with phytoplankton in the oceans. ]]> 2017-11-22 12:10:44 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209419867 Long term - carbon https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209420079 Striking feature of carbon Dudley during glacial periods - the dramatic reduction in CO2 (in the atmosphere). 

]]> 2017-11-22 12:10:58 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209420079 Long Term Changes https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209420266 During our recent glacial cycle Scotland, Wales and most of northern England were submerged by ice up to 1km thick. ]]> 2017-11-22 12:11:50 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209420266 Seasonal - Carbon tb4 https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209420846 Maximum CO2 levels were observed in May and minimum CO2 levels were observed in September

]]> 2017-11-22 12:14:25 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209420846 Long term - carbon cycle. https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209421078 At times of glacial maxima CO2 concentration levels fall to around 180ppm - while in warmer inter-glacial periods they are 100ppm higher. ]]> 2017-11-22 12:15:28 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209421078 long term -CO2 concentration and temperature relationship https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209421216 During Glacial periods CO2 concentration in the atmosphere decrease dramatically. At times of glacial maxima, CO2 concentrations fall below 180ppm, while in inter-glacial periods the concentration of CO2  are 100ppm higher. ]]> 2017-11-22 12:15:58 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209421216 Long Term Changes https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209421326 During warm inter-glacial periods temperatures were similar to those we experience today. ]]> 2017-11-22 12:16:27 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209421326 Water cycle - long term changes https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209421499 2017-11-22 12:16:38 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209421499 Long Term Changes https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209421963 However on a longer time scale...global temperatures have been much more extreme. 
An example being 250 million years ago, average global temperatures reached 22 C which is at least 7 C to 8 C higher then today.
These climate shifts had a major impact on the water and carbon cycle. ]]> 2017-11-22 12:18:05 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209421963 Long term - carbon cycle https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209422402 No clear explanation - drop in atmospheric CO2 during the glacial periods. However, it is possible that excess CO2 finds its way from the atmosphere to the deep ocean. ONE MECHANISM = change in ocean circulation during glacial that bring nutrients to the surface and stimulate phytoplankton growth. PHYTOPLANKTON = fix large amounts of CO2 by photosynthesis during dying and sinking to the deep ocean - where carbon is stored. Lower ocean temperatures = make CO2 more soluble in surface waters. ]]> 2017-11-22 12:19:58 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209422402 Carbon - long term tb4 https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209423074  
The process of photosynthesis causes a reduction in the CO2 concentration together with the reduction due to the cooling of the southern oceans and this change is opposed by the increase due to the warming of the northern oceans. The annual amplitude - the change observed between May and September of each year - does vary but is not connected to the annual increases.
]]> 2017-11-22 12:22:19 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209423074 Long Term Changes - Water Cycle https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209423411 Lower  of evaporation during glacial phases reduce exchanges of water between the atmosphere and the oceans, biosphere and soils. 
This together width so much fresh water stored as snow and ice slows the water cycle appreciably ]]> 2017-11-22 12:23:27 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209423411 Long term - Carbon cycle. https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209424330 Other changes - occur in terrestrial biosphere. 
  •  The carbon pool (in vegetation) shrinks during glacials as the ice sheets advance, then occupy large areas of the continents. 
In the process of movement to occupy continents: 
  • Desert expand
  • Tundra replaces temperate forests
  • Grasslands encroach on tropical rainforests. 
With much of the land surface being buried by ice - carbon stored in soils = will no longer be exchanged with the atmosphere.
]]> 2017-11-22 12:27:02 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209424330 Carbon seasonal tb4 https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209424784 At all sites, there is an accelerating upward trend in CO2 levels driven mostly by fossil fuel burning. The main difference between the sites is the amount of seasonal fluctuation in CO2 levels observed each year. In general, researchers found strong seasonal CO2 fluctuations throughout the Northern Hemisphere and weaker fluctuations near the equator and in the Southern Hemisphere. ]]> 2017-11-22 12:27:59 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209424784 Graph - Long Term Changes https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209424969 This graph shows temperature and CO2 changes in the past 400,000 years. ]]> 2017-11-22 12:28:47 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209424969 Long term - carbon cycle https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209425651 Expanded of tundra beyond the ice-limit sequester (locking in - absorbing) HUGE amounts of carbon in permafrost. 
With LESS vegetation cover:
  • Fewer forests
  • Lower temperatures 
  • Lower precipitation 
NPP (Net primary productivity) and the total volume of carbon fixed in photosynthesis = will decline. 

Implications = overall slowing Of he carbon flux and smaller amounts of CO2 returned to the atmosphere through decomposition.
]]> 2017-11-22 12:31:28 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209425651 Long Term - Carbon Cycle https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209425912 This picture shows Europe during the last glacial maximum 20,000 years. Ago]]> 2017-11-22 12:32:28 UTC https://padlet.com/tb4/8obi4s2td1eo/wish/209425912