GLOBAL ENGLISHES EIC453: Varieties of Inner Circle English by NURIN JUHANNA JAHRIN

juhannanurin — 2021-05-05 07:00:35 UTC

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
SPEAKERS' PROFILE
DATA FINDINGS
REFLECTION & CONCLUSION
REFERENCE

juhannanurin — 2021-05-05 08:12:20 UTC

      INTRODUCTION

DEMOGRPAHIC OF REPUBLIC OF CUBA

DEMOGRAPHIC OF MID ATLANTIC (US)

juhannanurin — 2021-05-05 08:14:12 UTC

       BACKGROUND

HISTORY OF ENGLISH IN REPUBLIC OF CUBA

How did the English language spread in Republic of Cuba?

HISTORY OF ENGLISH IN
MID ATLANTIC (US)

How did the English language spread in Mid Atlantic (US)?

"Bandera de Cuba"

juhannanurin — 2021-05-05 15:11:53 UTC

the national flag of Cuba referred to as the
- Estrella Solitaria or
- the Lone Star flag.

Consists of:
- 5 stripes (3 blue & 2 white)
- a red triangle at the hoist.
- a single white star.

Cuba's National Anthem

juhannanurin — 2021-05-05 16:26:18 UTC

Cuba’s national anthem is known by lots of name such as:
- “La Bayamesa”
- “El Himno de Bayamo”
- “The Bayamo Anthem"

Havana oh nana

juhannanurin — 2021-05-05 16:30:26 UTC

- The capital of Cuba is Havana.
- Havana has been the capital since 1592.

- Havana is the largest city in Cuba
-with over 2.1 million inhabitants,
- The only major city to have surpassed the 1million population milestone.
- Cuba's birth rate is one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere at 9.88 births/1,000 population.

Where is Cuba?

juhannanurin — 2021-05-05 17:14:43 UTC

Cuba is located in the Caribbean Sea.
Republic of Cuba is located in the North America continent.
Cuba is an island comprised of a mainland, one smaller island, and a few archipelagos.

EDUCATION IN CUBA

juhannanurin — 2021-05-05 17:59:08 UTC

- Cuban main language is Spanish
- Less than 10% speak English.
- Cuba offers a free education from cradle to grave (pre-school programs until doctorates).
-Education is mandatory through the 9th grade.
-Students can choose 3 years of a pre-university program or going to a vocational school.

DEMOGRAPHIC OF MID ATLANTIC (US)

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-06 22:31:39 UTC

"The U.S. flag"

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-06 22:44:13 UTC

The flag of the United States goes by different names
- The Stars and Stripes;
- The Red, White, and Blue
- Old Glory
- The Star-Spangled Banner.
The flag of the United States features thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies.

USA National Anthem

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-07 14:22:31 UTC

"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from the "Defence of Fort M'Henry", a poem written on September 14, 1814, by 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key.

WHERE IS MID ATLANTIC (US)?

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-07 14:29:51 UTC

The Mid-Atlantic states make up a region of the United States that is located between the South Atlantic region and New England.

The definition of the Mid-Atlantic region varies, but generally includes the following states:

The total area of the Mid-Atlantic states stretches across over 191,308 square miles. Based on population estimates from 2008, the total population of the region is over 57 million, with a population dentary of 300 people per square mile.

The largest individual city in the Mid-Atlantic is New York City, which is home to over 8.6 million people and is the largest city in the U.S. There are several other major metropolitan areas found throughout the Mid-Atlantic, including Pittsburgh, Syracuse, Richmond, and Rochester.

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-07 16:51:40 UTC

    SPEAKER'S PROFILE

REPUBLIC OF CUBA

Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)
Details of the speaker

MID ATLANTIC (US)

Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)
Details of the speaker

How did the English language spread in Republic of Cuba?

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-07 17:05:46 UTC

How did the English language spread in Mid Atlantic (US)?

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-07 17:24:43 UTC

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-07 17:28:55 UTC

Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)

Details of the speaker

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-07 17:31:53 UTC

Foreign languages are seen as a means of getting a wider perspective of the world by Cubans.

juhannanurin — 2021-05-07 17:36:12 UTC

(1662) - Africans were illegally taken to British-owned Caribbean colonies and sold as slaves to work on plantations.
(1784)- Anglo-Bahamian fled from US to the Caribbean after the Revolutionary War.
(1899)- English-language teaching officially began in 1899, after the first U.S. intervention in Cuba.
(1952)- There were 991 English teachers on the island.
Night schools, bilingual schools opened in Havana.
(1996)- The Cuban Ministry of Education focused English teaching and learning toward British English,
English became important as a means of international and scientific communication with the rest of the world.
English language teaching starts in the 3rd year of primary school - university education.
French, German, Italian, and Portuguese are the next most desired foreign languages.
Cubans prefer American English because they are part of North America,
Most of the English language media they are exposed to is in American English.
They are also interested in Canadian English, given the fact that Canadian tourists can more easily travel to Cuba than can tourists from the U.S.
The Cuban Ministry of Education, in cooperation with the British Council, has implemented the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) as the guideline for measuring learners' achievements in English

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-07 17:48:53 UTC

Gender: Female
Place of birth: Arlington Washington
Age: 19 (during the recording session)
Ethnicity: Caucasian

juhannanurin — 2021-05-07 20:08:40 UTC

Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)

Details of the speaker

juhannanurin — 2021-05-07 20:10:01 UTC

juhannanurin — 2021-05-07 20:10:15 UTC

Gender: Male
Place of birth: Cienfuegos, Cuba
Occupation: Actor
Ethnicity: Cuban

juhannanurin — 2021-05-07 20:14:35 UTC

DEMOGRAPHIC OF REPUBLIC OF CUBA

Script

juhannanurin — 2021-05-07 20:15:26 UTC

Script

juhannanurin — 2021-05-07 20:17:05 UTC

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-08 02:59:07 UTC

From early colonial times, the Mid-Atlantic region was settled by a wider range of European people than in New England or the South. The Dutch New Netherland settlement along the Hudson River in New York and New Jersey, and for a time, New Sweden along the Delaware River in Delaware, divided the two great bulwarks of English settlement from each other. The original English settlements in the region notably provided refuge to religious minorities, Maryland to Roman Catholics and Pennsylvania to Quakers and Anabaptist Pennsylvania Dutch. In time, all these settlements fell under English colonial control, but the region continued to be a magnet for people of diverse nationalities.

Mid Atlantic English

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-08 09:17:19 UTC

Mid-Atlantic English is the English variety that is growing fastest among European learners of English. This variety is neither British nor American, but a mix of those two varieties and according to Modiano (1996:135), this variety is the strongest candidate for being a new lingua franca. Mid-Atlantic English is accepted and easily understood on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, and that could be the strongest reason for the increase of this variety as our new European international language (Modiano 1996:135). There is still a lack of unawareness when it comes to this variety, and not many people have heard about it. Nevertheless, according to Modiano (1996:135), a combination of the two major varieties of the language creates the best possible platform for second language speakers.

IPA TRANSCRIPTION

juhannanurin — 2021-05-08 09:18:21 UTC

International Phonetic Alphabet

IPA TRANSCRIPTION

juhannanurin — 2021-05-08 09:22:57 UTC

International Phonetic Alphabet

juhannanurin — 2021-05-08 15:46:47 UTC

Rhoticity

Rhotic accents are accents of English in which non-prevocalic /r/ is pronounced,
Since most Cuban spokes Spanish, they tend to have a rhotic accent when they are speaking english.

For instance:

Sarah Perry was a veterinary nurse who had been working daily at an old zoo in a deserted district of the territory.

_{ˈseərə ˈpɛrɪ wɒz ə ˈvɛtərɪnəri nɜːs huː hæd biːn ˈwɜːkɪŋ ˈdeɪli æt ən əʊld zuː ɪn ə dɪˈzɜːtɪd ˈdɪstrɪkt ɒv ðə ˈtɛrɪtəri.}

When he says the word “veterinary”, he tends to put more duration and stress at the word “rinary” (ˈrɪnəri). In the recording, we also can clearly hear the speaker puts stresses at the consonant “r” during the “territory. ” (ˈtɛrɪtəri) part.

juhannanurin — 2021-05-08 15:47:09 UTC

2) LEXICAL VARIATION

The lexical sense of a word, also known as the proper definition, is the general use sense of the term. Words are categorised as either lexical or non-lexical.

Lexical terms are those that have their own meaning (for example, a noun (N), verb (V), adjective (A), adverb (Adv), or preposition (P) (P).

This is shown during the recording, by the number of terms used for 'jacket' in various parts of the world. In some parts of the world they called it "parka" or "coat".

A lexical differentiation is the use of another difficult language instead of another without changing the context of terms or phrases.

All languages evolve over time and differ depending on the location and social context.

For example,

replace the word 'district' with 'neighborhood'.
replace the word 'rare' with 'uncommon'.

juhannanurin — 2021-05-08 15:47:51 UTC

3) PROSODIC VARIATION

Linguistic prosody has often been referred to as "voice music."

The acoustic correlates of prosody include the actual melody of speech (known as intonation), as well as the rhythmic patterns that are typical of a given linguistic variety, as well as its strength patterns.

Prosodic speech variations, apart from characterizing certain linguistic dialects or sociolects, also provide a variety of important linguistic functions.

For reference,

His intonation can surely enhance the listener understand the precise rhythm of his voice. However, because of his heavy rhotic accent, the speaker emphasises a few phrases with the consonant "r" in the expression.
He applies clear pitch to some vocabulary in his speech to highlight that they are essential parts from the script.

juhannanurin — 2021-05-08 20:46:31 UTC

1)PHONEMIC VARIATION

The phonetic variation is straightforward: phonological variation occurs where there is a difference in pronunciation, while phonetic variation occurs when there is no change in the meaning of sounds.

RHOTICITY
VOWEL MERGERS

juhannanurin — 2021-05-08 20:49:36 UTC

Vowel Mergers

A merger is the opposite: where more phonemes merge & become indistinguishable. In English, this happens most often with vowels, although not exclusively.
The cot–caught merger is a phonemic merger that occurs in some varieties of English causing the vowel in words like cot, rock, and doll to be pronounced the same as the vowel in the words caught, talk, law, and small
The cot–caught merger or LOT–THOUGHT merger, formally known in linguistics as the low back merger, is a sound change present in some dialects of English where speakers do not distinguish the vowel sounds in "cot" and "caught"

For instance:

First she tried gently stroking the goose's lower back with her palm, then singing a tune to her. Finally, she administered ether.

 ^fɜːst^,^{ʃiː traɪd ˈʤɛntli ˈstrəʊkɪŋ ðə ˈguːsɪz ˈlaʊə}^bæk^{wɪð hɜː pɑːm}^,^{ðɛn ˈsɪŋɪŋ ə}^tjuːn^{tuː hɜː}^.^ˈfaɪnəli^,^{ʃiː ədˈmɪnɪstəd}^ˈiːθə^.

The words that our speaker was saying are

"back" (bæk)
"tune" (tjuːn)
"ether" (ˈiːθə)

but with vowel mergers appearance. listeners might hear these words as (below) and are unable to differentiate them.

bag (bæg)
toon (tuːn)
eater (ˈiːtə)

PHONEMIC VARIATION

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-08 21:23:30 UTC

RHOTICITY
NO æ-TENSING

1. Rhoticity

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-08 21:26:43 UTC

Rhoticity is according to Merriam-Webster, is a branch in phonetics that is relating to, having, or being an accent or dialect in English in which an /r/ sound is retained before consonants and at the end of a word. In other words, rhoticity refers to whether or not the /r/ sound is emphasized. In the case of this speaker from Arlington Washingron, she is using a non-rhotic pronunciation, which means she is not emphasizing her /r/. Consider the following example:

She ate a bowl of porridge, checked herself in the mirror and washed her face in a hurry

ʃiː ɛt ə bəʊl ɒv ˈpɒrɪʤ, ʧɛkt hɜːˈsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈmɪrə ænd wɑʃt hɜː feɪs ɪn ə ˈhʌri

The words herself (hɜːˈsɛlf) and hurry (ˈhʌri) both have a /r/ sound that is not retained before a consonant in the selected part of transcription. In both sentences, the /r/ sound is not highlighted.
The next example is how the /r/ sound is not preserved at the end of a line, as in the word mirror (ˈmɪrə), where the last r letter is not strongly accentuated, and is being dropped.

PROSODIC VARIATION (STRESS)

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-08 23:41:17 UTC

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, prosodic feature which is also called as suprasegmental is a speech feature such as stress, tone, or word juncture that accompanies or is added to over consonants and vowels, also these features are not limited to single sounds but often extend over syllables, words or phrases.

A prosodic variation that is apparent within this particular variation is on how this speaker uses an impressive and professional tones when she is reading the script. Her tones can easily assist the listener to get the idea on the exact flow of her speech. For example:

which made an unsanitary mess

wɪʧ meɪd ən ˌʌnˈsænɪtəri mɛs

It is manifested in the recording, how The speaker pronounce the word 'unsanitary' (ʌnˈsænɪtəri). we can hear from the recording how she put stress on the syllable 'un' (ʌnˈ) from the word unsanitary. It should be noted that in English, stress is normally placed on a word's first syllable, and the underlying stressed syllable can be distinguished from the unstressed one because it is phonetically noteworthy and excellent in certain contexts.

2. NO æ-TENSING

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-09 00:19:45 UTC

In the sociolinguistics of the English language, /æ/ raising or short-a raising is a phenomenon by which the "short a" vowel is pronounced with a raising of the tongue. Though most dialects of American English have the "trap" vowel tensed in closed syllables before nasals (and sometimes in other environments as well), the Mid-Atlantic accent has none. For example the speaker said:

I can't imagine paying so much

aɪ kɑːnt ɪˈmæʤɪn ˈpeɪɪŋ səʊ mʌʧ

Instead of saying can't [kʰɛən] with raising, the speaker said can't [kʰæn] without it.

Group Reflection

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-09 07:45:43 UTC

Nurin's reflection

juhannanurin — 2021-05-09 07:56:15 UTC

Conclusion

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-09 08:00:45 UTC

Dallerick's reflection

dallerickowell254 — 2021-05-09 08:25:20 UTC

juhannanurin — 2021-05-09 08:40:59 UTC

Bibliography

Barr, A. (2015, JANUARY 28TH). 1001 Spanish Words You Already Know – A Guide To English-Spanish Cognates. Retrieved MAY 9th, 2021, from https://www.realfastspanish.com/vocabulary/spanish-cognates

BBC NEWS. (2017, JANUARY 4th). Cuba says 'yes' to English as tourism flourishes. Retrieved MAY 9TH, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-38467299

Cambridge University Press. (2019, JULY 19TH). ENGLISH IN CUBA. Retrieved MAY 7TH, 2021, from https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-today/article/abs/english-in-cuba/8F4890321789FB01A722E92B64E72D12

DO I NEED TO LEARN SPANISH? DO MANY CUBANS SPEAK ENGLISH? (n.d.). Retrieved NOVEMBER 8TH, 2021, from https://insightcuba.com/

Nordquist, R. (2019, NOVEMBER 4TH). Definition and Examples of Rhotic and Non-Rhotic Speech. THOUGHTCO. Retrieved MAY 8TH, 2021, from https://www.thoughtco.com/rhoticity-speech-4065992

WIKIPEDIA. (n.d.). MID ATLANTIC ACCENT. Retrieved May 6th 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent

Race and Ethnicity in the Middle Atlantic. (n.d.). Retrieved MAY 5th, 2021, from https://statisticalatlas.com/division/Middle-Atlantic/Race-and-Ethnicity

Jessica Pettersson(2008) British, American or Mid-Atlantic English What accent do Swedish learners use and where do they get their influences from? Retrieved May 6th, from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:5728/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Richard Nordquist(2019, May 25th). Linguistic Variation. Retrieved May 6th 2021, from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-linguistic-variation-1691242