• Alkaline battery

• Lithium metal battery

• Silver Oxide battery

• Zinc-Carbon battery

- Secondary batteries

• Nickel metal hydride battery

• Lead acid battery

• Lithium ion battery

• Solid state battery

• Usage: Commonly found in household items like remotes, flashlights, and toys.

• Mechanism: These batteries use zinc (Zn) as the anode and manganese dioxide (MnO2) as the cathode, with an alkaline electrolyte (usually potassium hydroxide)

• Usage: Found in watches, calculators, and medical devices like pacemakers.

• Mechanism: Lithium batteries have lithium metal as the anode and a variety of materials such as manganese dioxide (MnO2) as the cathode. The electrolyte is typically a non-aqueous lithium salt solution.

• Usage: Found in low-drain devices like clocks and flashlights.

• Mechanism: These batteries use zinc as the anode and carbon (in the form of graphite) with manganese dioxide as the cathode. The electrolyte is ammonium chloride or zinc chloride.

• Usage: Used in small devices like hearing aids and watches.

• Mechanism: These batteries have a silver oxide cathode and a zinc anode. The electrolyte is typically a potassium hydroxide solution.

• Usage:

  • Commonly found in hybrid vehicles, cordless tools, cameras, and portable electronics.

• Mechanism:

  • Uses a hydrogen-absorbing alloy (metal hydride) as the anode and nickel oxyhydroxide as the cathode.

• Usage:

  • Commonly used in vehicles for starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI); also used in uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) and energy storage systems.

• Mechanism:

  • Uses lead as the anode, lead dioxide as the cathode, and sulfuric acid as the electrolyte.

• Usage:

  • Widely used in smartphones, laptops, electric vehicles (EVs), and portable power tools.

• Mechanism:

  • Uses graphite or other carbon-based materials as the anode and a lithium metal oxide ​ as the cathode. Lithium ions shuttle between the electrodes during charging and discharging.

• Usage:

  • Emerging technology for electric vehicles, medical implants, and consumer electronics due to its potential for high energy density and safety.

• Mechanism:

  • Similar to lithium-ion batteries but replaces the liquid electrolyte with a solid-state electrolyte (e.g., ceramic or polymer materials).