人口金字塔可视化了人口的人口结构。宽度表示给定年龄的人口规模;右边是女人，左边是男人。底层代表新生儿的数量，在其上方，您可以找到年龄较大的队列的数量。以这种方式表示，高死亡率社会的人口结构类似于金字塔——这就是这种著名的可视化类型得名的原因。

在最深的蓝色中，您可以看到代表 1950 年世界人口结构的金字塔。两个因素导致了1950年的金字塔形状：越来越多的出生扩大了人口金字塔的底层，金字塔向顶部变窄，很明显，整个生命的死亡风险持续很高。相对于老年人的数量，新生儿数量很多。

金字塔在底部上方的变窄证明了这样一个事实，即1950年出生的儿童中有五分之一以上在五岁之前死亡。¹

通过蓝色和绿色的阴影，相同的可视化显示了截至2018年的过去几十年的人口结构。你可以看到，在随后的每个十年中，人口金字塔都比以前更大 - 在每个十年中，世界人口中增加了更多各个年龄段的人。

如果你看一下2018年的绿色金字塔，你会发现底部上方的变窄远不如1950年那么强烈;儿童死亡率从1950年的五分之一下降到今天的不到十分之一。

在比较1950年和2018年时，我们看到出生儿童人数有所增加——1950年为9700万，今天为1.43亿——同时儿童死亡率下降。如果你现在将2018年的金字塔底部与2100年的预测进行比较，你会发现未来几十年不会像过去一样：根据预测，本世纪末出生的孩子将比今天少。未来人口结构的基础更窄。

我们正处于全球人口历史的转折点。从1950年到今天，整个金字塔的扩大 - 儿童数量的增加 - 是世界人口增长的原因。从现在开始，不是基数的扩大，而是基数以上人口的“填充”：儿童数量将几乎没有增加，然后开始下降，但工作年龄和老年人的数量将大幅增加。随着全球健康状况的改善和死亡率的下降，预计今天活着的人将比我们之前的任何一代人活得更长。

在国家一级，“儿童高峰期”之后往往伴随着国家受益于“人口红利”的时期，即受抚养的年轻一代的比例下降，劳动适龄人口的比例增加。³

现在，这种情况正在全球范围内发生。1950年，每一名15岁以下的儿童就有1.7名工作适龄人口（15至64岁）;今天有 2.6;到本世纪末，将有3.6。⁴

富裕国家在过去几十年中从这一转变中受益，现在正面临着越来越多的退休人员不属于劳动力市场的人口问题。在未来几十年里，较贫穷的国家将受益于这一人口红利。

从1950年到今天的变化和到2100年的预测表明，世界人口正在变得更加健康。当金字塔的顶部变得更宽，看起来不像金字塔，而是变得更像盒子形时，人口会活到更年轻的年龄，死亡风险非常低，并在老年时死亡。在人口转型的最后阶段，健康人口的人口结构是我们在2100年看到的整个世界的盒子形状。

从上下文来看，最近出现了一个新需求：随着人口老龄化，需要新的政策、系统和技术来支持健康老龄化[ 6]。衰老会导致身体逐渐衰退，从而增加对他人的依赖。从这个考虑出发，可以检查两个不同的方面。一方面，新技术可用于监测老年人，以减少日常的身体帮助，延长他们的自主生活。在这种情况下，药物和饮食依从性、睡眠监测或跌倒检测是需要考虑和解决的一些主要问题。另一方面，监测还不太老且没有患有特定病症的人是战略性的，目的是检测最终的生活方式变化和可疑行为，这些行为可能在很早的阶段就警告神经退行性疾病的发作。

在老年学文献中，体力活动的减少被认为与衰老密切相关，并且与社会功能低下、抑郁和认知能力下降有关[ 7 ]。需要关注身体、社交和认知活动，以促进积极和健康的老龄化，并使人们能够独立生活更长时间[ 8]。主动辅助生活 (AAL) 技术可以干预以帮助处于不同衰老阶段的老年人。事实上，AAL 旨在发展创新，以使人们在晚年时保持联系、健康、活跃和快乐。它涉及对人们的生活产生真正影响的产品和服务的开发，为那些面临老龄化挑战的人以及那些照顾需要帮助的老年人的人。

近年来，越来越多的文献从不同的角度审视了 AAL 领域的最新技术。在 [ 9 , 10 ] 中，作者专注于智能家居中的活动识别技术。在 [ 11 ] 中，对智能手机、智能手表和腕带等移动技术的文献进行了回顾，描述了这些可穿戴技术如何用于促进积极的生活方式。[ 12 ] 对非可穿戴（即环境）技术进行了调查，以开发各种老年护理系统，而物联网可穿戴传感器在 [ 13、14 ]中进行了回顾。在 [ 15]，基于视频的技术已经过审查。在 [ 16 ]中研究了从架构的角度检查现有参考模型和参考架构的 AAL 系统要求和实施挑战，其中突出了质量属性和关键问题。

本文从不同的角度调查了有关 AAL 系统的最新文献，旨在对环境、技术和现有方法进行详尽的探索，以找出开发完整 AAL 系统的实际需求。近年来，随着技术的巨大进步，导致多种传感器在市场上的普及，许多论文和研究项目被提出。在本文中，讨论了一些最近发表的作品，同时考虑了应用环境、潜在用户和建议系统的功能，以及用于开发的技术和方法。参考论文是通过搜索主要书目数据库选择的，包括 IEEE Xplore、ScienceDirect、ACM、和开放获取期刊，并考虑过去五年出版的期刊。在搜索过程中，使用了一些关键术语，例如“环境辅助生活技术”、“老年人”、“日常活动”、“智能家居”、“环境传感器”和“活动监测”，并带有 AND 和 OR 连接词. 筛选方法包括更接近于一组预定义的特征的研究，这些特征有助于显着促进论文中进行的讨论。
In the last decade, smart environments have found wide application in several contexts, such as domotic, education, rehabilitation, assistance, and so on. Structuring classroom environments with new technologies makes learning more attractive, as well as providing support for teaching people with disabilities [1]. Similarly, new technological devices provide more specific tools and support for the rehabilitation of people with impairment [2,3]. In the context of home automation, the deployment of new technologies can improve the quality of daily life, provide easy access to many functions remotely, or allow the use of natural interfaces, such as gestures and voice, in order to control lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and appliances [4,5].

Contextually, a new need has recently emerged: as the population ages, new policies, systems, and technologies for supporting healthy aging are needed [6]. Aging leads to gradual physical decay, which increases the dependency on other people. Starting from this consideration, two different aspects can be examined. On the one hand, new technologies can be used to monitor older people in order to reduce daily physical assistance and prolong their autonomous life. In this context, medicine and diet adherence, sleep monitoring, or fall detection are some of the main issues that are to be considered and tackled. On the other hand, monitoring people who are not yet very old and that do not suffer from particular pathologies is strategic for the purpose of detecting eventual lifestyle changes and suspicious behaviors that could warn of the onset of neurodegenerative diseases at a very early stage.

In gerontology literature, the decrease in physical activity is considered to be strictly correlated with ageing, and it is associated with low social function, depression, and cognitive decline [7]. A focus on physical, social and cognitive activity is needed in order to promote active and healthy ageing, and to permit people to live independently for longer [8]. Active Assisted Living (AAL) technologies can intervene to help elderly people in the different stages of aging. Indeed, AAL is intended to develop innovation in order to keep people connected, healthy, active, and happy into their old age. It concerns the development of products and services that make a real difference to people’s lives, for those who face some of the challenges of ageing and those who care for older people who need help.

于是，主动盗窃和被捕入狱，成了当今日本的老年女性得以摆脱孤独、减轻负担的一种途径。
Japan is a heavily aging country. And there are more than four million of these elderly women living alone, twice as many as men.

All these problems derived from an aging society have left an insurmountable dilemma for the growing number of elderly widows and orphans:

The psychological state of loneliness and isolation, and the economic pressure that cannot be coped with.

On the other hand, the already relatively low social status of Japanese women is also an important reason.

As a result, active theft and imprisonment have become a way for older women in Japan today to escape their loneliness and ease their burden.

Population pyramids visualize the demographic structure of a population. The width represents the size of the population of a given age; women on the right and men on the left. The bottom layer represents the number of newborns and above it, you find the numbers of older cohorts. Represented in this way the population structure of societies with high mortality rates resembled a pyramid – this is how this famous type of visualization got its name.

In the darkest blue, you see the pyramid that represents the structure of the world population in 1950. Two factors are responsible for the pyramid shape in 1950: An increasing number of births broadened the base layer of the population pyramid and a continuously-high risk of death throughout life is evident by the pyramid narrowing towards the top. There were many newborns relative to the number of people at older ages.

The narrowing of the pyramid just above the base is testimony to the fact that more than 1 in 5 children born in 1950 died before they reached the age of five.¹

Through shades of blue and green the same visualization shows the population structure over the last decades up to 2018. You see that in each subsequent decade the population pyramid was larger than before – in each decade more people of all ages were added to the world population.

If you look at the green pyramid for 2018 you see that the narrowing above the base is much less strong than back in 1950; the child mortality rate fell from 1-in-5 in 1950 to fewer than 1-in-20 today.

In comparing 1950 and 2018 we see that the number of children born has increased – 97 million in 1950 to 143 million today – and that the mortality of children decreased at the same time. If you now compare the base of the pyramid in 2018 with the projection for 2100 you see that the coming decades will not resemble the past: According to the projections there will be fewer children born at the end of this century than today. The base of the future population structure is narrower.

We are at a turning point in global population history. Between 1950 and today, it was a widening of the entire pyramid – an increase in the number of children – that was responsible for the increase of the world population. From now on is not a widening of the base, but a ‘fill up’ of the population above the base: the number of children will barely increase and then start to decline, but the number of people of working age and old age will increase very substantially. As global health is improving and mortality is falling, the people alive today are expected to live longer than any generation before us.

At a country level “peak child” is often followed by a time in which the country benefits from a “demographic dividend” when the proportion of the dependent young generation falls and the share of the population of working age increases.³

This is now happening on a global scale. For every child younger than 15 there were 1.7 people of working age (15 to 64) in 1950; today there are 2.6; and by the end of the century, there will be 3.6.⁴

Richer countries have benefited from this transition in the last decades and are now facing the demographic problem of an increasingly larger share of retired people who are not part of the labor market. In the coming decades, it will be the poorer countries that can benefit from this demographic dividend.

The change from 1950 to today and the projections to 2100 show a world population that is becoming healthier. When the top of the pyramid becomes wider and looks less like a pyramid and instead becomes more box-shaped, the population lives through younger ages with a very low risk of death and dies at an old age. The demographic structure of a healthy population at the final stage of the demographic transition is the box shape that we see for the entire world in 2100.

 

"Prison is my oasis, a place where I can completely relax. Although I have no freedom here, I have nothing else to worry about. I have a lot of people here to talk to, and I'm provided with three nutritious meals a day.

 

According to a survey conducted by the Japanese government, more than half of all elderly shoplifters live alone.

 

They may have a house, they may have a family. But that doesn't mean there's a place where they can feel at home. Not being understood is the biggest common denominator among the elderly criminals.

 

A significant number of people commit crimes with the goal of "going back to prison. It is more difficult for them to survive when they are released from prison, but prison life is more secure.

 

The cost of housing older people in prison is rising compared to the steady stream of older people who deliberately commit crimes and enter prison.

 

During the day, prisons often hire staff to take care of the elderly and wash them, but at night the guards are left to do the work. In some places, prison correctional officers are no different than full-time caregivers in nursing homes.

 

Critically engage with peer, academic and industry networks to examine contemporary global and local concerns: you have come together critically, carefully, and reflectively to engage with your peer networks. Your Padlet links demonstrate fine engagement with academic and industry research. But the theoretical aspect of your research could go further to help deepen the rigour and nuance of your project. For example, see the work of Jane Gallop on ageing and sexuality (Sexuality, Disability and Aging, Duke UP, 2019), and what of older artists such as Ida Applebroog, Louise Bourgeois, or Eleanor Antin? Their work could be interesting to engage with. Jo Applin, art historian at The Courtauld, is currently researching ageing and abstraction and feminist practices. Well done on generating considered, constructive, and generous peer feedback — helpfully structured into specific areas for development.