Congress cannot make a law respecting an establishment of religion over another religion. Although every citizen has their own religion the Supreme Court has ruled that they can not deny children's medical treatment because of religious beliefs. 

Speaking freely in public places is not unlimited such as the protection of freedom of speech would not protect someone for false information that endangers public safety or ruins someones voice.

Slander- To provide fake information to damage a persons good reputation.

Libel- A published false statement that is damaging someones good reputation. 

The people have the right to use public property for meetings and demonstrations.
Why do we have these rights? 

So every citizen can follow their religion freely and have their own meetings.

It protects the rights of American citizens to own weapons to defend themselves. Any citizen who owns a weapon is also considered to be part of an organized militia, such as the national guard.
Why do we have these rights?

So every citizen has the rights and their own protection if wanted without worry of law.

In this time of peace no soldier shall be quartered in one mans home, because one mans home shall be his castle privileged against all civil and military intrusion.
Why do we have this right?
So we can keep our house safe from any one soldier in a matter of peace and not having a stranger invade our privacy.

This law protects citizens before a police officer can make an arrest. The body of law must show a warrant to the person before any form of a search, arrest, or any result of law being carried out is made.
Warrant- Any type of document issued by a legal official allowing a police or any other body to either make an arrest, search property, or follow through with any other action relating to justice.
Why do we have this right?
So we do no have worries about being either assaulted or brought into custody without any reason. 

When someone causes a serious crime they have right to a grand jury, double jeopardy which is when someone can't be tired for the same thing again in court, police forces are not allowed to force the person to say something that can be used against them in court, due process and without just compensation.  

-self-incrimination: When someone gives testimony that can be used against oneself
-defendants: Someone who needs to defend themselves in a legal action
Why do we have this rights?

So each citizen that causes any level of crime has their rights to feel safe and their own access to a jury if accused of a crime. 

There are multiple types of trials such as, a speedy and public trial which is by an impartial jury. Everyone who needs to face time in jail is allowed a lawyer not matter who they are. Every convicted criminal has their rights to an attorney to assist in his or her defense during court. 
Why do we have this right?
To ensure that any convicted criminal is treated just as a civil case over criminal case