Chapter 3 - Historical Foundations of Curriculum by Nick Stidham https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg Graphic Summary en-us 2018-07-04 23:12:35 UTC 2018-07-04 23:39:52 UTC hello@padlet.com The Colonial Period: 1642-1776 nickstidham https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415435 Three Colonial Regions (northern colonies – puritan law-based education) (middle colonies – parochial and independent schools related to the different ethnic/religious groups) (southern colonies – family-based educational decisions)

Colonial Schools
  1. town schools.
  2. parochial and private schools.
  3. latin grammar schools.
  4. academies.
  5. colleges.
Old Textbooks, Old Readers
  • Early textbooks – hornbook, primer, Westminster Catechism, Old Testament, and Bible
  • New England Primer – American basal reader - widely used textbook for over 100 years
  • New Guide to the English Tongue – combined grammar, spelling, and religious instruction
  • The School Master’s Assistant – widely used mathematics text

]]> 2018-07-04 23:18:09 UTC https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415435 The National Period: 1776-1850 nickstidham https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415475 Rush: Science, Progress, and Free Education
  • Classics emphasis biased the masses against institutions of learning
  • Education should promote democracy and the exploration/development of natural resources
Jefferson: Education for Citizenship
  • State must educate its citizens to promote a democratic society
  • Public taxes from all should finance schools so that it’s not restricted to specific religious or upper-class groups
Webster: Schoolmaster and Cultural Nationalist
  • Coined and promoted ‘American English’ versus the British dialect
  • Students should learn American English along with thinking and acting as Americans
McGuffey: The Readers and American Virtues
  • Five Readers textbooks promoted patriotism, heroism hard work, diligence, and virtual living
  • Textbooks had a moralistic, religious, capitalistic, and nationalistic tone 

]]> 2018-07-04 23:19:14 UTC https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415475 Nineteenth-Century European Educators nickstidham https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415505 Pestalozzi: General and Special Methods
  • Laid basis for modern elementary schools based on a child’s natural development learning through the senses
Froebel: The Kindergarten Movement
  • Developed kindergarten organized around plan and individual/group interest and activities
Herbart: Moral and Intellectual Development
  • Chief aim of education – moral character development for developing a good person with many interests
Spencer: Utilitarian and Scientific Education
  • Chief aim of education – being taught how to think, not what to think for advancing human survival and progress

]]> 2018-07-04 23:20:02 UTC https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415505 The Rise of Universal Education: 1820-1900 nickstidham https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415534 Monitorial Schools
  • Lessons taught to high-achievers (monitors), who then taught material to their classmates
Common Schools
  • Focused on elementary education for all common people, with the three Rs being the main pillars
Elementary Schools
  • Generally tied to essential subjects of reading, spelling, grammar, and arithmetic…with moral education also being of primary focus
Secondary Schools
  • Established on premise of Common Schools, to establish tax-supported and locally controlled high schools
Academies
  • Designed to offer wide range of curriculum, intended as a practical program for terminal students as well as a college-prep course of study
High Schools
  • Generally tied to serving all types of learners and to assist in eliminating class distinctions – offered more diversified curriculum than Academies

]]> 2018-07-04 23:20:54 UTC https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415534 The Transitional Period: 1893-1918 nickstidham https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415616 -Considers offering two curriculum tracks – one for high school bound students and one for students ending formal education at the end of elementary level
-questioned high schools’ focus on preparing students for college, on mental discipline, and on the classics

Reaffirming the Traditional Curriculum: Three Committees
  • Established to determine school’s curriculum and standardized curriculum for much of the 20th century
  1. the committee of fifteen.
  2. the committee of ten.
  3. the committee on college entrance requirements.
Harris and Eliot: Two Conservative Reformers
  • Harris – curriculum supporting morality and citizenship for preserving society’s customs and norms – traditional curriculum with a mix of essentialism (five core academic areas) and perennialism (classics and moral values)
  • Elliott – wanted pedagogical experts to establish goals and standards for every subject – schools must offer classes to his categorized four social classes– argued for vocational and trade schools separate from high schools
Vocational Education
  • Federal aid for vocational education related to agriculture , home economic, and the trades
  • Shift from classical/academic high school to comprehensive high school with more vocational education enrollments
Pressure for a Modern Curriculum
  • Movement away from mental discipline approach / classic curriculum to emphasize vocational, technical, and scientific subjects
  • Classics had no higher mental value than other subjects and that rote mental discipline wasn’t conductive to inductive scientific mindset and not compatible with modern educational theory
  1. flexner: a modern curriculum.
  2. dewey: pragmatic and scientific principles of education.
  3. judd: systematic studies and social sciences.
  4. commission on the reorganization of secondary education.
]]> 2018-07-04 23:23:08 UTC https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415616 The Birth of the Field of Curriculum: 1918-1949 nickstidham https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415668 Bobbitt and Charters: Behaviorism and Scientific Principles
  • Bobbitt - Curriculum should be outlined around essential knowledge for each subject and then appropriate activities will be developed from there
  • Charters – scientific approach where curriculum is a series of goals that students much reach
Kilpatrick: The Progressive Influence
  • Curriculum methodology divided into four steps: purposing, planning, executing, and judging
  • Curriculum projects ranging from classroom project to school and community projects
The Twenty-Sixth Yearbook
  • Criticized traditional education tied to subject matter, rote learning, drill, and mental discipline
  • Curriculum synthesis of progressive practices and programs
Rugg and Caswell: The Development Period
  • Rugg - stressed need for curriculum specialist to construct curriculum and the teacher’s role in implementing curriculum, along with the need for preplanning – advocated cooperation among all educational professionals, including teachers, administrators, test experts, and curriculum specialists
  • Caswell – viewed curriculum making as a means of assisting teachers in coordinating their instructional activities with subject matter and student need/interest – courses of study as guides teachers use in planning daily lessons
Eight-Year Study
  • Curriculum with grouped objectives in related categories: 1) knowledge acquisition 2) intellectual skills 3) attituded and feelings 4) academic skills or study habits
  • Evaluation must be used to determine if curriculum’s objectives have been achieved
Tyler: Basic Principles
  • Rational, logical, and systematic approach to curriculum making – emphasized the learners’ needs, its principles are applicable in varying situations, and it prioritized objectives
  • Any school or district can formulate goals and organize its means/resources to shape curriculum and instruction
Goodlad: School Reform
  • Allow teachers to teach half-time to spend time interpreting and modifying state goals and planning curriculum
  • Education should socialize children and instill society’s values/norms

]]> 2018-07-04 23:24:44 UTC https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415668 Current Focus nickstidham https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415678 -curriculum cannot be reduced to a particular theory, plan, or definition
-schools need to be institutional, capitalistic, and racial/gender indoctrination
]]> 2018-07-04 23:25:01 UTC https://padlet.com/nickstidham/8kdt1lmp5ugg/wish/269415678