Networks and the Internet by Virginia Solis

Networks and the Internet by Virginia Solis https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y Made using the website: https://fcit.usf.edu/network/ en-us 2023-06-08 12:54:52 UTC 2023-06-08 14:56:37 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f5a5.png Networks virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618286040 A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. ]]> 2023-06-08 13:03:15 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618286040 Local Area Network (LAN) virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618287336 A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building.

]]> 2023-06-08 13:04:43 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618287336 Wide Area Network (WAN) virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618291654 Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect networks in larger geographic areas, such as Florida, the United States, or the world. A WAN is complicated. It uses multiplexers, bridges, and routers to connect local and metropolitan networks to global communications networks like the Internet.]]> 2023-06-08 13:09:34 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618291654 Advantages of Installing a School Network virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618294979 - User access control

- Information storing and sharing
- Connections
- Services
- Internet
- Computing resources
- Flexible access
- Workgroup computing

]]> 2023-06-08 13:13:08 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618294979 Disadvantages of Installing a School Network virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618298754 - Expensive to install
- Requires administrative time
- Servers fail
- Cables may break
- Security and compliance]]> 2023-06-08 13:17:09 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618298754 What is a Protocol? virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618301633 A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on a network. In order for two computers to talk to each other, they must be speaking the same language.]]> 2023-06-08 13:19:59 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618301633 Ethernet (Physical/Data Link Layers) virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618304818 The physical layer of the network focuses on hardware elements, such as cables, repeaters, and network interface cards. By far the most common protocol used at the physical layer is Ethernet.

The data link layer of the network addresses the way that data packets are sent from one node to another.]]> 2023-06-08 13:23:16 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618304818 Fast Ethernet virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618307332 The Fast Ethernet protocol supports transmission up to 100 Mbps. Fast Ethernet requires the use of different, more expensive network concentrators/hubs and network interface cards. ]]> 2023-06-08 13:25:45 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618307332 Gigabit Ethernet virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618309386 Gigabit Ethernet standard is a protocol that has a transmission speed of 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps). It can be used with both fiber optic cabling and copper.

The Ethernet standards continue to evolve. with 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10,000 Mbps) and 100 Gigabit Ethernet (100,000 Mbps).

]]> 2023-06-08 13:27:49 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618309386 IP and IPX (Network Layer) virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618312002 The network layer is in charge of routing network messages (data) from one computer to another. The common protocols at this layer are IP (which is paired with TCP at the transport layer for Internet network) and IPX (which is paired with SPX at the transport layer for some older Macintosh, Linus, UNIX, Novell and Windows networks). Because of the growth in Internet-based networks, IP/TCP are becoming the leading protocols for most networks.]]> 2023-06-08 13:30:37 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618312002 TCP and SPX (Transport Layer) virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618314122 The transport layer is concerned with efficient and reliable transportation of the data packets from one network to another. In most cases, a document, e-mail message or other piece of information is not sent as one unit. Instead, it is broken into small data packets, each with header information that identifies its correct sequence and document.]]> 2023-06-08 13:32:45 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618314122 HTTP, FTP, SMTP and DNS (Session/Presentation/Application Layers) virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618315808 Several protocols overlap the session, presentation, and application layers of networks. There protocols listed below are a few of the more well-known:

DNS - Domain Name System - translates network address (such as IP addresses) into terms understood by humans (such as Domain Names) and vice-versa
DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - can automatically assign Internet addresses to computers and users
FTP - File Transfer Protocol - a protocol that is used to transfer and manipulate files on the Internet
HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol - An Internet-based protocol for sending and receiving webpages
IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol - A protocol for e-mail messages on the Internet
IRC - Internet Relay Chat - a protocol used for Internet chat and other communications
POP3 - Post Office protocol Version 3 - a protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve messages from remote servers
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - A protocol for e-mail messages on the Internet

]]> 2023-06-08 13:34:30 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618315808 What is Networking Hardware? virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618317814 Networking hardware includes all computers, peripherals, interface cards and other equipment needed to perform data-processing and communications within the network.]]> 2023-06-08 13:36:35 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618317814 File/Network Servers virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618320384 Servers are generally not used by humans directly, but rather run continuously to provide "services" to the other computers (and their human users) on the network. Services provided can include printing and faxing, software hosting, file storage and sharing, messaging, data storage and retrieval, complete access control (security) for the network's resources, and many others.]]> 2023-06-08 13:39:25 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618320384 Workstations virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618321514 Computers that humans use are broadly categorized as workstations. A typical workstation is a computer that is configured with a network interface card, networking software, and the appropriate cables.]]> 2023-06-08 13:40:30 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618321514 Laptops/Mobile Devices virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618323818 These devices typically have modest internal storage, but enough power to serve as a workstation for users on the go.]]> 2023-06-08 13:42:31 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618323818 Network Interface Cards (NIC) virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618324713 The network interface card (NIC) provides the physical connection between the network and the computer workstation. Most NICs are internal, and they are included in the purchase of most computers.]]> 2023-06-08 13:43:45 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618324713 Ethernet Cards virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618326075 Ethernet cards are usually included with a computer, although additional ethernet cards can be purchased and installed on most computers.]]> 2023-06-08 13:45:06 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618326075 Ethernet Switch virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618328494 An ethernet switch is a device that provides a central connection point for cables from workstations, servers, and peripherals.]]> 2023-06-08 13:47:38 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618328494 Repeaters virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618329483 Since a signal loses strength as it passes along a cable, it is often necessary to boost the signal with a device called a repeater. The repeater electrically amplifies the signal it receives and rebroadcasts it.]]> 2023-06-08 13:48:45 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618329483 Bridges virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618331333 A bridge is a device that allows you to segment a large network into two smaller, more efficient networks.
A bridge monitors the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it can pass packets of information to the correct location.
The bridge manages the traffic to maintain optimum performance on both sides of the network.]]> 2023-06-08 13:50:45 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618331333 Routers virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618338969 Routers are the traffic directors of the global internet. All routers maintain complex routing tables which allow them to determine appropriate paths for packets destined for any address.
While bridges know the addresses of all computers on each side of the network, routers know the addresses other routers which in turn know about their own networks.
So, routers are network gateways.]]> 2023-06-08 13:57:52 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618338969 Firewalls virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618343070 A firewall is a networking device that is installed at the entrance to a LAN when connecting networks together, particularly when connecting a private network to a public network, such as the internet. The firewall uses rules to filter traffic into and out of the private network, to protect the private network users and data from malevolent hackers. Firewalls are either hardware or software, depending on their intended use.]]> 2023-06-08 14:01:38 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618343070 What is Network Cabling? virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618345231 Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another. ]]> 2023-06-08 14:03:58 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618345231 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618350100 Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option for school networks.]]> 2023-06-08 14:09:11 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618350100 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618352434 Although UTP cable is the least expensive cable, it may be susceptible to radio and electrical frequency interference (it should not be too close to electric motors, fluorescent lights, etc.). If you must place cable in environments with lots of potential interference, or if you must place cable in extremely sensitive environments that may be susceptible to the electrical current in the UTP, shielded twisted pair may be the solution.]]> 2023-06-08 14:11:36 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618352434 Coaxial Cable virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618354176 Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a braided metal shield. The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers. lthough coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal interference.

]]> 2023-06-08 14:13:24 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618354176 Fiber Optic Cable virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618357929 Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective materials. It transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the problem of electrical interference. This makes it ideal for certain environments that contain a large amount of electrical interference.]]> 2023-06-08 14:16:52 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618357929 Wireless LANs virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618362492 More and more networks are operating without cables, in the wireless mode. Wireless LANs use high frequency radio signals, infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate between the workstations, servers, or hubs.]]> 2023-06-08 14:21:57 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618362492 Wireless Security virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618369725 Three basic techniques are used to protect networks from unauthorized wireless use. Use any and all of these techniques when setting up your wireless access points:

- Encryption
- Isolation
- Hidden SSID (Service Set IDentifier)

]]> 2023-06-08 14:29:42 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618369725 Advantages of Wireless Networks virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618371644 - Mobility
- Fast Setup
- Cost
- Expandability]]> 2023-06-08 14:31:54 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618371644 Disadvantages of Wireless Networks virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618372929 - Security
- Interference
- Inconsistent connections
- Speed]]> 2023-06-08 14:33:09 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618372929 What is Topology? virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618375046 The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other peripherals. Physical topology should not be confused with logical topology which is the method used to pass information between workstations.]]> 2023-06-08 14:35:22 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618375046 Linear Bus virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618377380 A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end. All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) are connected to the linear cable.

Advantages

Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
Requires less cable length than a star topology.

Disadvantages

Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

]]> 2023-06-08 14:38:15 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618377380 Star virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618381081 A star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub, switch, or concentrator.

Advantages

Easy to install and wire.
No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.
Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

Disadvantages

Requires more cable length than a linear topology.
If the hub, switch, or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the hubs, etc.

]]> 2023-06-08 14:42:32 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618381081 Tree or Expanded Star virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618384583 A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable. Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network, and enable schools to configure a network to meet their needs.

Advantages

Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
Supported by several hardware and software venders.

Disadvantages

Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.
If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.

]]> 2023-06-08 14:45:59 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618384583 Considerations When Choosing a Topology virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618386901 - Money
- Length of cable needed
- Future growth
- Cable type]]> 2023-06-08 14:48:24 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618386901 What is a Network Operating System? virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618389163 Unlike operating systems, such as Windows, that are designed for single users to control one computer, network operating systems (NOS) coordinate the activities of multiple computers across a network. The network operating system acts as a director to keep the network running smoothly.]]> 2023-06-08 14:50:40 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618389163 Peer to Peer virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618392081 Peer-to-peer network operating systems allow users to share resources and files located on their computers and to access shared resources found on other computers. However, they do not have a file server or a centralized management source. In a peer-to-peer network, all computers are considered equal; they all have the same abilities to use the resources available on the network.

Advantages

Less initial expense - No need for a dedicated server.
Setup - An operating system (such as Windows XP) already in place may only need to be reconfigured for peer-to-peer operations.

Disadvantages

Decentralized - No central repository for files and applications.
Security - Does not provide the security available on a client/server network.

]]> 2023-06-08 14:53:52 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618392081 Client/Server virginiagarcia430 https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618394386 Client/server network operating systems allow the network to centralize functions and applications in one or more dedicated file servers. The file servers become the heart of the system, providing access to resources and providing security. Individual workstations (clients) have access to the resources available on the file servers.

Advantages

Centralized - Resources and data security are controlled through the server.
Scalability - Any or all elements can be replaced individually as needs increase.
Flexibility - New technology can be easily integrated into system.
Interoperability - All components (client/network/server) work together.
Accessibility - Server can be accessed remotely and across multiple platforms.

Disadvantages

Expense - Requires initial investment in dedicated server.
Maintenance - Large networks will require a staff to ensure efficient operation.
Dependence - When server goes down, operations will cease across the network.

]]> 2023-06-08 14:56:37 UTC https://padlet.com/virginiagarcia430/8kc2ut4qhvx91n1y/wish/2618394386