Martinez-Cava, A., Morán-Navarro, R., Hernández-Belmonte, A., Courel-Ibáñez, J., Consesa-Ros, E., González-Badillo, J., & Pallarés, J. (2019). Range of motion and sticking region effects on the bench press load-velocity relationship. Journal of Sport Science and Medicine, 18, 645-652.

 

Middleton, P., & Crowther, C. (2014). Reminder systems for women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus to increase uptake of testing for type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. (Protocol) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009578.pub2

 

Morisawa, Y., Takayama, S., & Sato, K. (2015). Surgical repair with external fixation of epiphyseal fractures of the proximal phalanges of three fingers: a case report. Hand Surgery, 20(3), 471-473.  

Ross, S. (2011) . The core rules of netiquette. Retrieved from: http://www.albion.com/netiquette/corerules.html

Tortora, G., Derrickson, B., Burkett, B., Peoples, G., Dye, D., Cooke, J., … Mellifont, R. (2019).
 Principles of anatomy and physiology (2nd Asia-Pacific ed.). Milton: John Wiley and
Sons Australia, Ltd.

 

1.     Zone of Resting Cartilage

a.     Small, scattered mature cells (chondrocytes) within cartilage.

 

2.     Zone of Proliferating Cartilage

a.     Contains slightly larger chondrocytes arranged like stacks of coins which undergo interstitial growth.

 

3.     Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage

a.     Large chondrocytes arranged in columns which accumulate lipids, glycogen and alkaline phosphatase and calcify ECM.

 

 

4.     Zone of Calcified Cartilage

a.     Only a few cells thick and consists mainly of dead chondrocytes because ECM has calcified.

 

1.     Reactive phase

Broken blood vessels cause fracture haematoma around the site. Consequentially, bone cells die and swelling and inflammation occur. Phagocytes and osteoclasts remove dead or damaged tissue. 

     
 2a. Reparative phase: fibrocartilaginous callus formation

Phagocytes clean up dead bone cells and new blood vessels grow into the fracture haematoma. Fibroblasts then produce collagen fibres and chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage. This eventuates in the development of fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus which repairs and bridges the broken ends of the bone.

Osteoprogenitor cells develop into osteoblasts which then produce spongy bone trabeculae. Both living and dead portions of the bone fragments are joined by the trabeculae. Over time the fibrocartilage is transformed to spongy bone and the callus is then known as bony (hard) callus.

3.    Bone remodelling phase

Remodelling of the callus occurs where osteoclasts resorbed dead portions of fragments. Spongy bone is also replaced by compact bone.

The main process is glycolysis, this converts glucose into ATP. It also promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen to be stored short term, and long term storage of glucose in adipose tissue. Once blood glucose levels drop too low, the alpha cells of the pancreas will release glucagon and  insulin stops being released. 

Wernicke’s area is responsible for interpreting and comprehending spoken word, damage to this area causes Wernicke’s/fluent aphasia. Wernicke’s aphasia is when the patient knows what they want to say but the words do not come out in a coherent manner, just as Maria was experiencing when trying to communicate with her daughter. 

The Premotor area plays a role in preparing the body muscles to carry out skilled or repetitive actions, one of Marias symptoms involved not being able to button up her blouse but didn’t not complain of paralysis so the premotor area has also been effected (Tortora et al., 2019).

We are willing assist each other, but must first rely on ourselves. Keep the following dot points in mind for all assignment tasks:

-       Check spelling and grammar 

-       Know what you’re talking about and state it clearly

-       Reference correctly 

 

Everyone is entitled to their opinions and everyone differs in values, beliefs and personal limitations. To ensure effective group participation, work with empathy, compassion and maturity.

 

We are equal participants in this workbook and will treat each other with respect. We come from different backgrounds - considered a strength. We can utilise our personal experiences to enhance our workbook, remembering to move forward with respect. 

 

 

Constructive feedback is welcome. Acceptance and mindfulness are key to succeeding. 

During this period calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

2. The contraction period

During this period several events occur including peak tension in the muscle fibre.

During this period, again, several actions occur, with one being the tension from the muscle fibre decreasing.

If the concentration of insulin in the bloodstream drops too low, Glucagon which acts on liver cells, begins to increase the glucose and increases the blood glucose.  The liver stores glycogen and converts to glucose, which in turn is released into the bloodstream.

 

Tortora et al. (2019) describe the location and specific cell type for Glucagon as being a secretion from alpha cells of the pancreatic islets. The liver is responsible for synthesising , that is – fatty acids to speed the conversion and glycogen to glucose to slow the conversion.

Tortora et al. (2019) indicates isotonic contractions occur when there is constant muscle tension as a load is moved and can be categorised as either a concentric or eccentric contraction.

 

Concentric contraction occurs when the muscle shortens to produce force and movement and eccentric contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens while maintaining force and movement. These two contractions occur as Ben performs a bench press. 

 

1.     Minerals. Growing bones require large amounts of calcium and phosphorus together with smaller amounts of magnesium, fluoride and manganese. During bone remodelling, these minerals are necessary.   

2.    Vitamins. Vitamin A is required to promote osteoblast activity, Vitamin C synthesises collagen, Vitamin D increases absorption of calcium and Vitamins K and B12 are required for synthesis of bone proteins.

3.    Hormones. During puberty, sex hormones including androgens such as testosterone as well as oestrogen increase osteoblast activity, synthesis of bone extracellular matrix and growth spurts.