Causes:

• Beginning of significant industrial growth and tech advancements

• Expansion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 leading to rapid western settlement and ease of transportation for goods and people

• Wealthy industrialists, bankers, and politicians generated great amounts of wealth and political power

• Rise in immigration due to industrialization and economic opportunity, but a change from Western europeans to mostly Eastern europeans such as Russians

Effects:

• Great wealth disparity

• Rapid population and therefore housing shortages, poor santiation, and disease

• Economic depression such as the panics of 1873 and 93

• Gilded age ended with the panic of 1893 resulting in sweeping reforms

Causes:

• Industrial innovation along entrepreneurs and risky business ventures allowed for some of the richest people known during that period

• Railroad expansion

• Government support through financing infrastructure projects and granting 150 million acres of land to railroad companies

• High tarrifs

Effects:

• Monopolies and trusts

• Great wealth disparity

• Increase in political corruption --> corporate titans were able to purchase out politicians

• Rise of political machines and expensive political campaigns

Causes:

• Industrial innovation in oil industry which allowed him to become one of the richest Americans of his time

• Expansion of railroads and government support allowed for oil to become so successful

• High tariffs protected Rockefeller from foreign competition

Effects:

• Standard oil was responsible for most of the oil production, processing, marketing, and transportation in the U.S. This was due to cunning monopolizing practices of buying out competition, sometimes at the expense of short term profits

• Increase in wealth disparity

• Political corruption

• Rockefeller donated over 500 million to schooling, religious, and scientific causes

Causes:

• Industrial innovaiton

• Railroad expansion

• Govt support

Effects:

• Carnegie's steel corporation became the largest steel manufacturer and therefore monopolized the industry

• Contributed to wealth disparity

• Economic impact and allowed for further urbanization

• Great philanthropist

Causes:

• Industrial innovation in the railroad industry

• Railroad expansion propelled American economy and had the support of the U.S. govt

• High tariffs supported Vanderbilt

Effects:

• Monopolization of railroad industry, such as controlling rail traffic from NYC to Chicago, revolutionizing rail operations through standardization of procedure and timetables, and therefore an increase in efficiency and decrease in transportation time

• Increase of wealth disparity

Causes:

• Need for financial solutions and services for organizations led to the creation of J.P. Morgan's company

• Provided credit, financing, treasury, and payment to help businesses

• Father guided his early career

Effects:

• Significant impact on global economy by helping companies all around the world

• Helped businesses grow through financial solutions

• Organized financiers that saved the U.S. Monetary system from collapse in 1907

• Helped transform American economy

Causes:

• Passed after a growing hostility against monopolizing companies

• Examples being American Railway Union and Standard Oil which purchased smaller competitors to form conglomerates

• Consumers were hit with high prices on goods while competitiers failed due to attempts by large corporations to keep other enterprises out

Effects:

• Promoted economic fairness and competitiveness

• Paved way for more laws like the Clayton Act

• Violations of the act resulted in firms being dissolved by courts and injunctions to prohibit practices

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Causes:

• Strong support in classical economists from Great Britain under Adam Smith's "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"

• Adopted during the Gilded Age and influenced government policies toward labor relations

Effects

• Gave businesses increased autonomy and space from government regulations that would inhibit business activities

• Allowed for companies to take risks and invest in economy

• REsulted in monopolies

• Harmed consumers through high prices

• Led to wealth inequality

Sumner was an American social scientist and developed this idea through his reading of classical economists and by his study of American monetary experience. His beliefs in social Darwinism and laissez-faire supported the idea of the "survival of the fittest"

Causes:

• Growing hostility against monopolizing specific markets and used to justify the growing gap between the rich and poor

Effects:

• Used to justify imperialism, nativism, racism, social inequality, and eugenics

• Linked to dysfunctional psychological characteristics such as admiration for power and desire to dominate

Causes:

• Deeply influenced in reading Karl Marx

• Critical of traditional political and economic concepts of capitalism

Effects:

• Inspired millions into the emancipation of the working class

• Helped spur industrial unionism and progressive social and economic reform

The Socialist Party of America was a political party which was established in response to the expanding capitalist system

Causes

• Desire to promote an alternative to capitalism to improve working class society and create an egalitarian society

Effects:

• Won seats in city councils and townhalls

• Elected in union positions

• Led to prominent defections, official repression, and vigilante persecution

Causes:

• Hostile to labor organization in the United States

Effects:

• Developed principles of voluntarism which called for unions to exert coercion by economic actions such as strikes and boycotss

Effects:

• Organized and founded the AFl

• Secured shorter work hours and higher wages through collective bargaining and strikes

The AFL was a national federation of labor unions in the U.S. to provide mutual support

Causes:

• Dissatisfaction of many trade union leaders such as the Knights of Labor

• AFL was organized as an association of trade unions in 1886

Effects:

• Obtained imrpvoed working conditions and higher wages

• Obtained an exemption of labor from antitrust legislation as proof of the success of its conservatism in comparison with other unions

Causes

• Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 chartered the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad companies which tasked them to build a transcontinental railroad that would link the East to the West

• First settlers began moving westward across the U.S., increased dramatically after the gold rush

• increase in chiniese immigration after hiring of chinese immigrants for mines

• Supported by Vanderbilt's train tycoon

Effects:

• Made Western U.S. more important and created California into a major economic and political force

• The railroad, by the 80s, transported about 50 million dollars of freight each year

• Facilitated westward expansion, esclataing conlficts between natives and settlers

• Railroad was completed by exploited labor and wiped out buffalo population

Causes:

• Formed in response to growing industrial economy

• More americans took jobs in factories, mines, and mills, all with poor working environements, poor pay, and long hours

• Founded by Uriah Stephens who believed that all wage earners had to be brought into a single organization to fight for interests of them all to fight back against the capitalists

  
  

  Effects:

• Pushed for 8hr workdays and a society where workers would own the industries they labored in

• Sought to end child labor and convict labor

• Knights organized a strike against the Pacific Railroad 10% wage cut

• Membership collapsed following the 86 Haymarket Square riot

Causes:

• Fourth year of an economic depression

• Strikes were caused by wage cuts

• Railroad work was poorly paid and dangerous

• Railroad companies took advantage of economic troubles to break trade unions that were formed by the workers before and after the civil war

• Strikers declared that no trains would leave unless the cut was rescinded --> federal government intervention.

Effects:

• Spread to other parts of the country and even turned into a general strike in numerous cities

• Largest strike at the time, involving 100,000+ workers

• Brought railroad lines to a halt

• Railroad companies and elected officials sent strikebreakers to attack workers

• Uprising did not lead to any widespread victories for railroad workers

• Demonstrated the key role workers played in keeping the U.S. economy up

Causes:

• Wage cuts announced by baltimore and ohio railroad

• Centered on a new contract between the workers of the Homestead Steel works of whom were represented by the AA and carnegie steel company

• Henry Frick announced pay cuts

• Frick shuttered the homestead steel mill and locked workers out

Effects:

• Ended steelworkers unions where violence shed turned many against the union and made membership numbers dwindle

• Strikebreakers ended the strike and killed workers, homestead people, and even a kid

• Lasted 5 months and was a victory for the company

• Blacklisted many union leaders from steel industry for life

• Replaced skilled workers with unskilled workers

• Steel industry remained without unions until the great depression of the 1930s

Causes:

• Labor radicals were rallied to protest killing and wounding of several workers by Chicago police during a strike the day before

• Strikes by industrial workers were common at that time due to poor wages and bad conditions

• American labor movement included radical factions of socialists, communicsts, and anarchists who did not believe in capitalism

• Many radicals were immigrants, particularly from Germany

Effects:

• Setback for the organized labor movement

• Viewed conviceted men as martyrs

• Wave of xenophobia as many foreign radicals and labor leaders were rounded up in chicago

• Grand jury indicted 31 suspected labor radicals in connection with the bombing

• Resulted in the destruction of the Knights of Labor

Causes:

• Gilded age encouraged the gospel of wealth through rapid industrialization, innovation, and wealth accumulation

• Great inequality of wealth was a natural consequence of the newly industrialized society

• Shift from small shops to domestic manufacturing produced a new class of wealthy industrialists

Effects:

• Influenced wealthy to engage in philanthropy

• Ensured that deserving poor people had opportunities to improve themselves

• Promoted administration of wealth toward reducing the stratification between the rich and poor

• Canegie made an example by donating significant portions of his wealthy to philanthropic causes

The other half lives was an early photojournalism publication by Riis which depicted the poor living conditions of NYC slums in the 1880s. Slum conditions shocked readers and his photographs became powerful tools for social reform.

Causes:

• Firsthand experience with poverty and appalling conditions in tenements

• Work as a police reporter for NY Tribune through covering the city's crime-ridden districts gave him a perspective on the living conditions of the lower class

Effects:

• Writings caused investigations into unsafe tenement conditions

• The 1887 small park act was a law that allowed the city to purchase small parks in crowded neighborhoods to increase the quality of living in the areas

• Influence muckraking journalism by exposing the slums to NYC upper and middle classes

• Stimulated significant NY legislation to curb tenement poor conditions

Causes:

• Pullman Car Company cut low wages of workers by 25% but did not introduce reductions in rents and other charges at Pullman, a company town near Chicago

• Many workers and families faced starvation

• Delegation of workers tried to present grievences about low wages, poor living conditions, and 16 hour workdays to the company's president, but Pullman refused to meet with them and ordered them to be fired

Effects:

• Violence and destruction of property

• Federal goverment got involved and President Cleveland sent in federal troops to handle strikers, causing more violence

• Railway companies started to hire nonunion workers to restart business

• Strike costed millions of dollars in lost revenue and looted and damaged property to railroad companies

• Striking workers lost more than 1 million in wagtes

• Brought Eugene Debs national attention and led directly to his conversion to socialism

• Prompted Cleveland to propose a bill to make Labor Day a national holiday on 1894, June 28

Causes:

• American Railway Union on Strike

• Federal court issued an injunction ordering the union memebrs to return to work

• Injunction based on the grounds that the strike was affecting interstate commerce and the federal postal servcies

• 22 railroad companies that were affected by the strike carried millions of passenders to and from Chicago, millions of freight, federal mail, and could be used to transport fed troops and equiment if necessary

• Workers refused to listen to the injunction where Eugene Debs was one of the union leaders found in contempt and served jail time

Effects:

• Court's decision was a set back for labor rights

• Federal courts may enjoin a strike if it intereferes with interstate commerce and federal postal service

• Constitution grants fed. govt the authority to regulate interstate commerce and a postal service

• Can be done through legislative action, executive enforcement, or judicial intervention

• Actions do not require a trial by jury

Causes:

• The island was vacant following the civil war until the govt decided to replace it with an immigration station

• Control of immigration was responsible by the federal governemnt with 75,000 dollrs were appropriated to construct the first federal immigration station on the island

• The conversion of the island resulted in the removal of naval buildings and the construction of a new immigration station

Effects:

• Served as the nation's major immigration station from 1892 to 1924

• Estiamted 12 million immigrants passed through ellis island where they were proceed by immigration authorities and obtained permission to enter the U.S.

• First and second class passengers were checked only briefly on board their ships and were allowed straight into the city

• Third class passengers had medical and legal checks

Causes:

• The immigration station was created on Angel Island to control and regulate asian immigration into the U.S.

• Result of federal, state, and local attempts to prevent Asians from entering the United States altogether

Effects:

• Replaced detention prisons on steamships in the San Francisco harbor and became the central enforcement area for rules that were disnged to keep Asian people out of the U..S

• Served as an immigration and deportation facility

• Discriminatory policies employed at angel island immigration station were an outgrowth and implementation of the Chinese expulsion act of 1882

Cases:

• Rise of tenement housing was due to influx of immigrant, many of them fleeing the Irish Potato Famine, or Great Hunger in Ireland, or the revolution in Germany

• Arrivals concentrated themselves on the lower east side

Effects:

• Unsafe living conditions

• Rapid spreading diseases

• Fires were deadly

• Cholera epidemic

Ghettos were arts of cities which members of a minority group live, especially due to social, legal, or economic pressures. These areas usually speak the native tongue of the ethnic peoples and illustrate their culture. These areas are also known for being more impoverished than other areas of the city

Causes:

• Economic and social forces

• Seen in cities with significant economic disparity

• Discrmination and segregation also play a role

Effects:

• Gang wars

• Higher rates of crime, poverty, unemployment

• Poor healthh, inadequate education opportunities, lower levels of pulbic services

• Fostered a sense of community and cultural identity among residents.

Causes:

• Driven by economic and cultural tensions

• Ethnic discrimination

• Many immigrants who came to the U.S. did so to send money back to their home countries (commonly chinese)

• Influx of immigration was creating a lot of competition and lowering wages

Effects:

• Implementation of immigration laws such as Chinese exclusion act of 1882

• Debates continue even to this day

Causes:

• Racial hostility and anti-immigration sentiments of Americans

• Nativism

• Stereotypes of Chinese as diseased heathens combined with fears among labor unions and other West Coast residents that Chinese manual laborers represented unfair competition for jobs

• Growing anti-Chinese movement

Effects:

• New era in the U.S. where it changed from a country that welcomed almost all immigrants to a gatekeeping one

• Set the precedent for later restrictions

• Geary Act of 1892 extended the exclusion acts ban on Chinese immigration for 10 more years

• Required Chinese residents in the U.S. to carry special documentation

• Immigrants caught not carrying certificates were sentenced to hard labor and deportation

Causes:

• Due to rapid urbanization and industrialiation in the U.S.

• Missing government social services

• Many immigrants and poor people relied on political machines for jobs and services

• Thrived in urban atmospheres where access to power was unequally distributed

Effects:

• Played a crucial role in shaping national party politics

• Led to people being elected into governmental positions (such as in NYC). Manipulation into elections, control nomination processes, and exert influence over policy decisions

• Detrimental to democratic process

• Hindered fair representation of diverse interests and perpetuated inequality

• Bribery and corruption undermined integrity of elections and misuse of public funds for personal gain

Tammany Hall was the executive committee of the Democratic Party in NYC which exercised political control through typical bassist blend of charity and patronage.

Causes:

• Rapid urbanization and industrialization

• Many poor people relied on political machines for jobs and services

• Political machines thrvied in urban atmospheres where access to power was unequally distributed

Effects:

• NYC lost more than 200 million dollars of taxpayer dollars

• Tammany became synonymous with corruption and the subject of Thomas Nast's most effective cartoons

• Many elections were manipulated

Causes

• Disputes over territory, land, and resources between Americans and Natives

• The Plains Indians responded with outrage and retaliatory attacks on white settlements and military outposts

• long conflicts for control of the Great Plains of eastern Colorado

• 1862-63 Dakota Uprising in Minnesota

Effects:

• Chivington first labeled as a victor, but later labeled as a massacre

• Chief cause of the arapho-cheyenne war

• Treaty promised reparations, but none were paid

• Fueled wars in great plains

• Further native retaliation

Causes:

• Instituted due to the country's fixed amount of land

• Conflict with natives over land

• Dangerous security and insurance concern for enterprising Americans

• Federal government expected to respond with solutions

Effects

• Loss of traditional lands

• disruption of native american cultures

• rise of poverty and disease on reservations

• Natives were wards of the U.S.

• Protests of policies

Causes:

• Passed due to need for more land and wish to assimilate natives into american culture

• Security concerns

• Native resistance

Effects:

• Shifted native lands into the hands of native men, removing the control that women had previously

• Women worked on the land and thus controlled source of food production. This influence mostly disappeared after.

• Anglo-american hunger for native lands

  
  

Causes:

• Carlisle Indian Industrial School was the first government funded off-reservation boarding school for natievs, being created to assimilate natives into white culture. They were forced to abandon language, cultural traditions, cut their hair, adopt new names and clothes (labeled as cultural genocide)

• Government policies of government funded institutions

• Believed that educating natives into american culture that they could be assimilated

• Policy was influenced by racist believes that natives were inferior

Effects:

• Destroyed native culture

• Loss of cultural identity

• Physical and psychological trauma

• Ostracized from indian culture

• Disrupted native families and communities by taking away children

• Some students achieved higher education

• Affects legacy of natives to this day

Causes:

• Tensions between the two groups had been rising since the discovery of gold on native land

• Natives missed a federal deadline to move to reservations causing Custer to confront them

Effects:

• Marked the most decisive american victory

• Indian victory enraged americans, partially contributing to the massacre of wounded knee

• Indians were eventually forced out

Causes

• Broken treaties

• Policies aimed at forcing native assimilation, relocation, and containment of natives caused great suffering and injustice

• Attitudes of cultural superiority and discrimination against natives and a lack of respect for their cultures and rights

• Jackson was motivated through senses of deep injustices and a commitment to activism

Effects:

• Raised public awareness about injustices faced by Natives

• Led to change in policies towards natives such as the Dawes act, but actually had adverse consequences

• Inspiration for reform led other activists groups to commit to improve govt policies towards natives

• The book led the groundwork for future advocacy and reform movements to achieve rights for Natives

  
  

Causes:

• Ghost dance instilled fear in white colonists due to widespread influence of the tradition

• Paranoia spread

• Movement symbolized the clash of cultures

Effects:

• Ghost dance triggered a last wave of resistance to the encroachments of white settlers and their way of life

• Marked the end of the wars

Causes

• Industrial and urbanization led to rapid growth of industries but also poverty, inequality, and harsh living and working conditiosn

• Large waves of immigrants faced poor living conditions and exploitation in labor

• Large wealth disparity

• Lack of social services

• Religious revivals

Effects:

• Reform movements aimed at addressing social injustices which included child labor laws, child welfare, and public health intiatives (this will bleed into the progressive era)

• Advocates influence legislation and achieved safety regulations in the workplace

• Imrpovements in education

• Charities

• Labor rights were achieved through unions

• Women and Church involvement in addressing social issues

Causes

• Wealth inequalities created a wealthy class eager to display their economic status

• Advances in manufacturing and production made a wider variety of goods available

• Growth of cities and urban areas allowed wealth to be displayed publicly and conspiciously

Effects

• Exacerbated wealth divisions and made the gap between wealthy and poor

• Developed consumer culture

• Encouraged spending and investment in luxury goods

• Led to rise of marketing and advertisements aimed at promoting luxury consumption and lifestyle

Causes:

• Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation in public places to ensure white supremacy

• Louisiana Separate Car Act of 1890 required separate railway cars for blacks and whites, with Plessy's challenge being a test case organized by the Comite des Citoyens to challenge this act.

• Systemic racial discrimination

Effects:

• Legalization of segregation under the doctrine that separate facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were equal

• Provided legal frameworks for Jim Crow laws

• Setback for African American civil rights

• Galvanized African Americans to resist segregation which laid the groundwork for future civil rights movements

• Brown V board of Educcation (1954) overturned plessy v ferguson

Causes:

• Economic devastation of the civil war

• End of slavery

• Northern investment into the south

• Desire for nation reconciliation

Effects:

• Industrial growth in the south in textile, tobacco, and iron production

• Urbanization

• Continued racial inequality

• South still remained economically dependent on agriculture and low wage labor, still lagging behind the North in terms of industrialization

• Promotion of new southern Identity, spearheaded by Grady

Causes:

• Return of white supremacy which instituted Jim Crow Laws

• Economic conditions where Africans lived in economically depressing and opportunity bare

• Washington believed that pursuing civil rights through confrontation was unlikely to succeed at that time due to widespread lynching

• Belief in pragmatism

Effects:

• Founded the Tuskegee institute which taught students trades and skills to achieved economic independence

• Known best for his 1895 Atlanta Exposition speech

• Suuport for white philanthropy

• Criticsm from black leaders

• Acclaimed for making significant contributions to Afircan American

Causes:

• Dissatisfaction with Brooker T. Washington's approach to reform

• Educational and professional achievements gave him insight and informed his understanding of race relations

• Frustration with the status quo resulted in him to found the Niagra Movement in 1905 which called for full civil rights, end of racial discrimination, and educational equality among the races

Effects:

• Advocacy for civil rights through education

• NAACP Co-founder

• 1903 Book "The Souls of black folk"

• Key figure in pan-africanism

• DuBois influenced generations of black intellectuals and activists by emphasizing education, cultural uplift, and political action

Causes:

• End of reconstruction and the withdrawal of Union troops

• White supremacist ideology

• Supreme court decisions through Plessy v Ferguson

Effects:

• Legalized racial segregation

• Disenfranchisement of african americans through ltieracy tests poll taxes, grandfather caluses, and other restrictive measures

• Economic inequality

• Education disparities

Causes:

• High amounts of racial violence and lynching

• Injustice of jim crow laws

• Wells recognized the power of the press in exposing injustices

Effects:

• Anti-lynching campaign

• Public awareness

• NAACP involvement

• Wells took her anti-lynching campaign to the UK and gained international support

• Her work as a journalist left a significant legacy

Causes:

• Encouragement of westward expansion and develop western territories

• Offering free/cheap land to settlers was a way to alleviate poveryt and stimiulate economic growth

• Abolitionists supported the act as a means to settle the west with farmers who opposed slavery

Effects:

• Increased migration westward

• great conflicts with natievs

• Development of agriculture

• Influx of settlers contributed to economic transformation of the west through infrastructure, towns, and markets

• Intensive farming and grazing depleted the land

Causes:

• Monopolized power of railroads and grain elevators causing farmers to face high transportation and storage costs

• High interests rates from banks

• Lack of political power

Effects:

• Regulations of railroads and grain eleavtors

• The grange established coopoeratives to help farmers buy goods at lower prices and sell crops more effectively (like unionizing)

• Grange provided social networks and educational resources for rural ocmmunities

The Farmers Alliances

Causes:

• Continued financial difficulties due to low crop prices, high debt levels, and unfair market practices

• Inadequate governemnt support

Effects:

• Alliances were responsible for the formation of the populist party

• Subtreasury plan which proposed a system for the govt to provide loans to farmers based on stored crops to break the cycle of debt and low prices

• Increase in awareness and advocacy

  
  

Causes:

• Falling prices high railroad rates and large debts

• Political disenfranchisement

• Social injustices through lack of suffrage and labor exploitation

Effects:

• Lease became a leading pigure in the populist movement

• Public awareness through her speeches and writings

• Helped womens suffrage through advocating for womens rights to vote

• Remembered as a fiery orator and staunch advocate for change

Causes:

• Corruption and ineffiency of the spoils sytem leading to govt positions being filled by individuals based on political connections rather than qualifications

• Assasination of James A Garfield by a patron, highlighting dangers of the patronage system

• Public demand for reform

Effects:

• Establishment of the civil service

• Merit based hiring

• Protection for employees

• Reduction in corruption

• Shift in political campaign financing

  
  

Causes:

• Economic hardships for farmers due to declining crop prices, high transportation costs, and increasing debts (mostly due to monopolistic railroad companies)

• Poltical discontent and lack of representation

• Influence of farmer alliances

• Debate over using silver and gold vs just gold to ease debts (farmers wanted inflation)

Effects:

• Most successful third party in US history

• Party ran candidates in 92 and 96 with the Populist endorsed candidate showing significant electoral strength (but did not win)

• Legislative reforms which included the direct election of senators

• Populists influence future legislation reforms in the progressive era

• Party began to decline after 96 as economy got better

Causes:

• Economic distress amongst farmers

• Monopolies

• Political disenfranchisement

• Demand for monetary reform

Effects:

• Influence on politics and elections

• Legacy of reform

• Decline of the party

Causes:

• Overexpansion and specuilation in railroad industry funded by unsustainable levels of debt

• Bank failures

• Stock market crash

• Failing agricultural prices

• International gold standard limited money supply making deflation and debts harder to pay

• Withdrawal of British investment

Effects:

• Widespread unemployment

• Business failures

• Brankruptcies

• Labor strikes and unrest

• Increased homelessness poverty

• Reform movements

• Political consequences and the rise of the populist party

• coinage of silver

Causes:

• Economic depression

• laissez-faire government

• Demand for public work jobs

• Failure of traditional relief methods

Effects:

• Public attention to economic issues

• Coxey was arrested for trespassing on U.S. capitol grounds

• Limited immediate impact

• Influence on future policies

• Political mobilization

Causes:

• Economic concerns

• Tariff debates

• Antitrust sentiments and demands for more robust antitrust regulations

• Agricultural distress

• labor unrest

Effects:

• Cleveland is elected

• Populist party had a great prescence

• Continued economic downturn

• Shift in political landscale

• Tariff reductions

• Calls for monetary reform

Causes:

• Economic depression

• Monetary policy debate

• Populist movement

• Divisons within the democratic party

• Republican emphasis on the gold standard

Effects

• McKinley election as president solidified the gold stadndard in American monetary policy for years

• Decline of populism

• Economic recovery

• Shift in political strategy

• Realignment of democratic party

• Legitimization of corporate influences and increased scrutiny and criticism of corporate influence in politics

Causes:

• Economic hardship due to depression of 1893

• Monetary policy debate

• Populist movements

Effcets:

• Democratic nomination

• Rallying the populist cause

• Polarization over monetary policy

• Lost the election of 1896

• Continued influence in American politics, advocating for progressive causes and running for president two more times