2. Translated Newton’s Principia Mathematica into French.

3. Partner and collaborator of Voltaire.

4. Faced discrimination for being a woman in science.

5. Her work is still respected today.

-Explained astronomy and physics for the public.

-Wrote The Mechanism of the Heavens.

-Advocated education for women.

-Honored by the Royal Astronomical Society.

• Born in Germany

• Born on march 16th 1750 and died in 1848

• She was the first female astronomer 

• She helped her brother with many important equations 

• She was a singer

• She found 8 comets in her life

• She cataloged 2500 nebulae

Achievements:

• First women to discover a comet

• So well recognized that King George the third paid her a scientific salary

• Made Britain’s star catalogue up to date

• Identified several new comets

• She co—built telescopes with her brother, William.

Hardships:

• She and her mom didn’t believe in herself.

• Her mother wanted her to stay home to wash and clean.

• She and her brother William made observations with a telescope when it was insanely cold that the ink and the metal mirror in the telescope cracked. 

• Had illnesses such as small pox and typhus which stunted her growth, causing her to be 4’3 and was blind in one eye

Flavor:

• Caroline was never married

• She played the violin

• Learned how to make dresses

Sources:

• https://www.britannica.com/biography/Caroline-Lucretia-Herschel

Partners:

Devraj Subramani, Samarth Bharadwaj, Rishi Darji

• French mathematician and physicist 

• during the Enlightenment.

Studied number theory and elasticity.

• Used a man`s name[``M.LeBlanc’’]to publish her work

• won a prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences 

• Could not attend university because she was a woman.

1 April 1776 – 27 June 1831) was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Despite initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by society, she gained education from books in her father's library, including ones by Euler, and from correspondence with famous mathematicians such as Lagrange, Legendre, and Gauss (under the pseudonym of Monsieur Le Blanc). One of the pioneers of elasticity theory, she won the grand prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her essay on the subject. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem provided a foundation for mathematicians exploring the subject for hundreds of years after. Because of prejudice against her sex, she was unable to make a career out of mathematics, but she worked independently throughout her life. Before her death, Gauss had recommended that she be awarded an honorary degree, but that never occurred. On 27 June 1831, she died from breast cancer.

-Scottish scientist writer

-Born in Scotland December 26th 1780

-Self study in math and science

-She died in 1872

-She dies in Naples Italy at 92 years old peacefully

Achievements-

-   One of the first people to suggest the existence of Neptune

- Became the first women admitted to the Royal Astronomical Society

Flavor-

-  Her first marriage was with Samuel Greig in 1804. Samuel was her older cousin. They had two children. 

-Her second marriage was with Dr. William Somerville. Her other cousin. William and Mary supported each other and had 4 children together. 

Hardships-

-  Somerville got very limited education, she wasn’t allowed to learn what she wanted, so she taught it to herself as she had informal education.

-Mary’s family didn’t approve of her pursuits and interests

- 20 January 1758

- 10 February 1836

-Mother died when she was three and got sent to a convent for her education

-13 when she married the wealthy French lawyer Antoine Lavoisier

-Had no children

-learned english to be her husband’s scientific

-go for chemistry

-talented artist and drew the equipment and experiments in the lab

-recognized as a vital contributor to the scientific advancements of her era

Achievements:

• she translated foreign texts

• Documented experiments with drawings and records 

• Edited scientific publications to support her husband Antoine Lavoisier in his work

Hardships:

• Marie’s husband and father were executed

• Her property was confiscated from her including her scientific equipment and documents

• She faced political hostility after her husband died for trying to get the world to recognize her husband achievements

• Marie was imprisoned after getting all her document confiscated

Flavor:

• when she was 13 she married a 28 year old

• she got remarried after her husbands execution to count rumford 

• She hosted scientific salons

• She died suddenly in her home

Early life and education

• Birth: Born Margaret Lucas in 1623 into a wealthy family in Colchester, England.

• Family: She was the youngest of eight children and grew up in a loving but isolated family.

• Informal education: She was educated at home by tutors, which was typical for noblewomen.

• Self-taught writer: She was not a “smart” student but loved to read and write from a young age.

• Influence of siblings: She discussed philosophy and science with her older brother, who was a scholar. 

• Exile and marriage:

• Maid of honor: In 1643, she became a maid of honor to Queen Henrietta Maria.

• Exile: She followed the queen into exile in France during the English Civil War.

• Marriage: In 1645, she married William Cavendish, who was exiled with the royal court.

• Intellectual circle: In exile, she met famous thinkers like Thomas Hobbes and René Descartes.

Return to England: She returned with her husband when the monarchy was restored in 1660.

Achievements

• Natural philosophy: was the only women to publish her work on natural philosophy. 

• Attended royal society: was the first women to visit the new royal society.

• “The Blazing World”:  wrote “The Blazing World” a narrative about a young women who is shipwrecked and is brought into a different world. She became one of the most published female authors in her century. 

• Scientific discourse: partaken in scientific debates and important discussions worked with men like Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke.

Gender equality: pusblished her work in her own instead of a man’s name, this advocated for women’s intellectual righs and challenged beliefs of women’s rights

Flavor:

1. Margaret Cavendish published her numerous works, including plays, essays, and poetry, under her own name, making her a unique and groundbreaking figure in a time when women often published anonymously.

2. Cavendish was known for wearing daring, usual, and sometimes gender-defying clothes.

3. Cavendish became the first woman to attend a meeting at the Royal Society of London, having members like Robert Boyle and contributing to the era's scientific and philosophical discourse.

4. Cavendish was sometimes referred to as “Mad Madge,” a nickname that reflects how her later writers viewed her unique and often shocking individualism.

Hardships

• Her attempts to engage people in her philosophical work were unsuccessful.

• There were no articles published in response to her work, however articles were published to other female philosophers.

• People often commented on her behavior and the way she dressed, completely ignoring her work and philosophies.

• Criticism and writing surrounding her life often focused on her personality more than her work. There was little understanding of her achievements.

escribió los principios de la filosofía antigua y moderna

sufrió enfermedades constantes y migrañas creía que todos los seres estaban conectados por la bondad.

Andrea salas moran

Châtelet was a French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist, celebrated for her 1740 Institutions de Physique (Foundations of physics) and her definitive French translation of Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica. She was a key figure of the enlightenment and a scientific collaborator with Voltaire, her contributions to physics and natural philosophy, especially her advocacy for Newtonianism, have recently gained significant recognition for their intellectual depth and enduring impact on scientific understanding

• Born Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil in Paris in 1706 to a prominent family.

• Her father, a high-ranking official, recognized her intelligence and arranged for tutors in subjects like mathematics, science, and languages, which was rare for women at the time.

• She became fluent in six languages by the age of 12.

• When denied access to higher education, she used her mathematical skills at gambling tables to fund her own books and scientific equipment. 

Achievements:

Emilie Du Châtelet is remembered as a pioneering female scientist, as well as mathematician who contributed to both physics and philosophy. 

• Translation in French on Newton’s Principia Mathematica

• Demonstrated the advancement of the energy theory

• Her ideas were featured in the Encycopedie

• Published The Institutions de Physique

Hardships

• Prohibited from attending universities and scientific academics which were exclusive to men

• Prevented from participating in intellectual gatherings and debates at the French Academic of Sciences

• Some contemporaries, like philosopher Immanuel Kant, dismissed her work with misogynistic insults, suggesting that a woman doing mechanical philosophy might as well have a beard.

Flavor Text

• Emilie Du Chatelet was a skilled gambler and used math to devise winning strategies.

• She had a 15-year relationship with Voltaire.

• Chatelet inspired Voltaire to produce many of his works.

Sources:

https://medium.com/@lorilamothe29/dangerous-liaisons-emilie-du-chatelet-and-voltaires-passionate-love-affair-7f5f52e7007c

https://historyofwomenphilosophers.org/project/directory-of-women-philosophers/du-chatelet-emilie-1706-1749/#:~:text=She%20was%20an%20inspiration%20for,impressively%20to%20philosophy%20and%20science.

https://thenewhistoria.org/schema/emilie-du-chatelet/#:~:text=Although%20Du%20Ch%C3%A2telet%20invested%20most%20of%20her,Mandeville's%20Fable%20of%20the%20Bees%20she%20writes:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet#:~:text=Du%20Ch%C3%A2telet%20wrote%20a%20number,appreciation%20of%20her%20original%20contributions.

-She spent two years studying wildlife in Surinam.

-She later set up an all-female business producing luxurious flower-painted fabrics.

-Leaving her husband after 20 years, Merian moved into a religious community, where she studied Latin and entomology.

Education

-She moved to Amsterdam, supporting herself by illustrating scientific textbooks.

-As a child in Germany, Merian was taught by her own father, an artist who taught her all the skills she needed to make full-colour pictures.

-Her first book was about caterpillars, a topic of great economic importance that was needed at the time in Germany.