Nationalism in Eastern Europe and Russia by Carter McDonald https://padlet.com/072cjm10/8cvev5wc5exj Chapter 14 Lesson 8, by Nathan Viser (texts 1-3, transcribed and deciphered Hayden's notes), Carter McDonald (4-5), and Hayden Shope (6-7). en-us 2019-01-16 20:33:48 UTC 2019-01-25 19:36:19 UTC hello@padlet.com 14.8.1 Nationalism Endangers Old Empires 072cjm10 https://padlet.com/072cjm10/8cvev5wc5exj/wish/321460633 Nationalism, the provider of unity for many, also brought the ultimate downfall upon other countries. The Hapsburgs were the oldest ruling house in Europe. It was difficult to govern because of the many different nationalities that were living inside of the empire. Because of this, revolts began to break out in 1848. Hapsburgs wanted to keep old way of life, even though factories and mines were constantly springing up. Nationalists threatened the Hapsburgs, and they ruled over many lands, some of them rivals. Francis Joseph gained the throne when he was just 18 years old and ruled until 1916.  He attempted some reforms to try to save the empire. He made a constitution that introduced a legislature, but the legislature was mostly made up of German-speaking Austrians. As a result, the Hungarians decided to self-govern.]]> 2019-01-16 20:54:50 UTC https://padlet.com/072cjm10/8cvev5wc5exj/wish/321460633 14.8.2 The Dual Monarchy 072cjm10 https://padlet.com/072cjm10/8cvev5wc5exj/wish/321956087 Despite Austria and Hungary splitting apart, Francis Joseph still ruled over both of them. The Hungarians welcomed this change, but other Slavic groups continued to grow restless. Nationalist leaders called upon them to unite. By the early 1900s, the government had become completely paralyzed by all of the social and political issues.]]> 2019-01-18 00:06:05 UTC https://padlet.com/072cjm10/8cvev5wc5exj/wish/321956087 14.8.3 The Ottoman Empire Declines 072cjm10 https://padlet.com/072cjm10/8cvev5wc5exj/wish/321956723 The Ottomans ruled over a multi-nation land, however, they began to lose some of their nations. Serbia gained autonomy (the right of self-governing) in 1830, and southern Greece gained independence in the 1830s. Despite this, many Serbs and Greeks still lived in the Balkans under Ottoman rule. In the 1800s, many different peoples rebelled against the Ottomans, hoping to become independent nations. This caused many other European nations to take and divide up previously Ottoman lands. Because of this, many wars occurred in the Balkans and created what is known as the Balkan Powder Keg. This was one of the causes of World War I.]]> 2019-01-18 00:10:38 UTC https://padlet.com/072cjm10/8cvev5wc5exj/wish/321956723 14.8.4 Russia Tries Reform 072cjm10 https://padlet.com/072cjm10/8cvev5wc5exj/wish/321958636 After Russia’s eastern expansion into Asia in the 1800s, many people started to call for reforms. People were trying to bring Enlightenment ideals such as constitutional government and social justice into the empire. People wanted to end the tsar’s autocratic rule (autocratic is where a ruler has absolute power, like a dictatorship) and for Russia to become modernized. At this time, Russia was the largest and most populous European nation and a major world power. During the period, Russia began to fall behind Western Europe in economic and social development. Landowning nobles controlled society and rejected change that could possibly threaten their power. Most Russians were serfs, and despite serfs disappearing in Western Europe by the 1700s, it continued to spread throughout Russia. The tsars of Russia held absolute power and weren’t good at reforms. They occasionally attempted reforms but quickly withdrew them to keep support of the nobles. As a result, the Enlightenment and French Revolution had very little impact on Russia.]]> 2019-01-18 00:23:25 UTC https://padlet.com/072cjm10/8cvev5wc5exj/wish/321958636 14.8.5 Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution 072cjm10 https://padlet.com/072cjm10/8cvev5wc5exj/wish/321959176 During the 1800s, there was a tsar, Alexander II, that made important reforms. He gained power during the Crimean War. In the Crimean War, Russia attempted to take land from the Ottoman Empire and ended up battling Britain, France, and Sardinia as well as the Ottomans. After this war, there was a large outcry for change in Russia. Because of this Alexander II emancipated (freed) all serfs and created local governments. These local governments were elected assemblies called zemstvos. Zemstvos were responsible for road repair, schools, and agriculture. He also introduced trial by jury, eased censorship, reduced a soldier’s term of service from 25 years to 15 years, and reduced brutal discipline in the military. Many people didn’t feel that this was enough, and Alexander II stopped reforming and was later assassinated by terrorists. As a response to his father’s assassination, the new tsar Alexander III returned to repression. He increased the power of the secret police, restored strict censorship, and exiled anyone who spoke out against him to Siberia. He also attempted to suppress non-Russian cultures by “Russification.” This process made it so the only language allowed was Russian and the only religion was Russian Orthodox. It also included the persecution of Poles, Ukrainians, Finns, Armenians, Muslims, Jews, and many others. Pogroms (violent attacks on Jews) were encouraged. This caused many Jews to flee Russia and move to other countries such as the United States.

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Russia has several factors of production needed to industrialize and it also had vast natural resources including land and minerals. Overtime, a new industrial class merged with the capital and drove to invest in economic environment. Government officials and business leaders. When war broke out between Russia and Japan in 1904 as the crisis facing he marches the tsar he also brought he(x)? Had fled his palace and called in soldiers in the months that followed, 010024 Sunday discontent exploded at last. He clumor grew so great that that nchows was forced to advance (not full notes, just what could be deciphered)
(written by Hayden, deciphered and transcribed by Nathan) (paper copy of notes was vacuumed by Nathan)
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