Summary : 

On December 7, 1941, exactly 81 years ago, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on the United States military base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaiian Territory. A group of Japanese warplanes began to appear later, descending on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor. The Japanese air raid was a surprise that destroyed the naval base. Much of the US Pacific fleet was rendered useless: Five of the eight warships, three destroyers, and seven other ships were sunk and badly damaged, and more than 200 aircraft were destroyed. A total of 2,400 Americans died and 1,200 were injured. Japanese losses were about 30 aircraft, five small combat submarines, and less than 100 dead. The Americans avenged the Japanese six months later with three Pacific carriers in the Battle of Midway, turning the tide against the previously undefeated Japanese navy in a spectacular victory.

It was Sunday morning, many US military personnel were granted permission to attend an offsite service. At 07.02 a.m., two radar operators spotted a large group of planes en route to the island from the north, but, with B-17 flights expected to be from the United States at the time, they were told not to sound the alarm. Thus, the Japanese air raid became a shock that destroyed the naval base.
Much of the US Pacific fleet was rendered useless: Five of the eight warships, three destroyers, and seven other ships were sunk and badly damaged, and more than 200 aircraft were destroyed. A total of 2,400 Americans were killed and 1,200 injured, many of whom valiantly tried to fend off the attacks.
Japanese losses were about 30 aircraft, five small combat submarines, and less than 100 dead. Fortunately for the United States, all three Pacific carriers were conducting training maneuvers. This gigantic carrier would seek revenge against the Japanese six months later in the Battle of Midway, turning the tide against the previously undefeated Japanese navy in a spectacular victory.
The day after Pearl Harbor was bombed, President Roosevelt appeared before a joint session of Congress and stated, “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by the naval and air power of the Empire of Japan. After a short, decisive speech, he asked Congress to pass a resolution recognizing the state of war between the United States and Japan. The Senate voted for war against Japan by a vote of 82 to 0, and the House of Representatives approved the US proposed resolution by a vote of 388 to 1.

The only one who objected to the US resolution was Representative from Montana, Jeannette Rankin, a devout pacifist who also voted against the US entry into World War I.

Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, and the US government responded in kind.

America's contribution to the successful Allied war effort lasted four long years and cost more than 400,000 American lives.

Summary : 

On December 7, 1941, exactly 81 years ago, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on the United States military base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaiian Territory. A group of Japanese warplanes began to appear later, descending on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor. The Japanese air raid was a surprise that destroyed the naval base. Much of the US Pacific fleet was rendered useless: Five of the eight warships, three destroyers, and seven other ships were sunk and badly damaged, and more than 200 aircraft were destroyed. A total of 2,400 Americans died and 1,200 were injured. Japanese losses were about 30 aircraft, five small combat submarines, and less than 100 dead. The Americans avenged the Japanese six months later with three Pacific carriers in the Battle of Midway, turning the tide against the previously undefeated Japanese navy in a spectacular victory.

Around 1960, the separatist movement peaked as discrimination against the Malay Muslim community did not end. The conflict began to subside when entering 1980, the leaders of the separatist movement began to surrender. As a result, 1990 was a time when Thailand was in a stable condition in terms of conflict, although there were still 233 deaths that occurred due to the political conflict that spread in Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat, from 1979 – 2003. However, the stable situation did not last long.

On April 28, 2004, more than 100 opposition groups from the Thai Government carried out attacks on 10 police posts spread across the provinces of Pattani, Yala and Songkhla. The attack was carried out because of the religion-based conflict between the Thai government and opposition groups, who are predominantly ethnic Malays and Muslims, which have been going on for a long time in southern Thailand.

One of the conflict locations at that time was in Ban Krue Se, which was seven kilometers from the city of Pattani. Armed conflict between the Thai government and opposition groups at that time caused 32 opposition groups to take refuge in the Krue Se Mosque, a 425-year-old mosque which is considered the most historic mosque in Pattani. The exchange of guns lasted for approximately nine hours until the Thai military troops commanded by General Panlop Pinmanee secured the Krue Se Mosque by killing 32 opposition groups who were inside it with heavy weapons and grenades. There are two children aged 17 and 18 years among the 32 people.

General Panlop Pinmanee's actions were considered an exaggeration, considering that the Thai Defense Minister, Chavalit Yongchaiyudh had instructed General Panlop to seek all peaceful means so that the opposition groups surrendered without bloodshed no matter how long it took. General Panlop failed to fulfill this. He was also deemed disproportionate in his order to secure the Krue Se Mosque due to the use of heavy firearms against opposition groups who were reportedly armed with only machetes and one firearm.

Since 2004 until now, violence has killed more than 6500 people and injured 11,500 people.

Towards the 12th anniversary of the Takbai incident, repressive and illegal actions from the Thai Police and Military were again carried out against the Muslim Malay community both in Patani and outside Patani. From 10 to 12 October 2016, 44 people (8 women and 36 men) were arrested in Bangkok, Thailand. The arrests were made arbitrarily by the Thai Police with the excuse of preventing an increase in acts of terrorism considering that there will be a commemoration of the Tak Bai Incident on October 25, 2016. The Police action is also a discriminatory act against the Patani community, that the Police have stigmatized the warning of the Tak Bai Incident without any basis. obvious reasons. As of October 15, 2016, a total of 48 Muslim students were arbitrarily arrested by the Bangkok Police based on information about the alleged bomb plot that emerged in early October. Of the 48 youths arrested, 25 were released without charge and the rest are being held in prisons or in military facilities.

Synopsis :

The attack was carried out because of the religion-based conflict between the Thai government and opposition groups, who are predominantly ethnic Malays and Muslims, which have been going on for a long time in southern Thailand. Armed conflict between the Thai government and opposition groups at that time caused 32 opposition groups to take refuge in the Krue Se Mosque, a 425-year-old mosque which is considered the most historic mosque in Pattani. The exchange of guns lasted for approximately nine hours until the Thai military troops commanded by General Panlop Pinmanee secured the Krue Se Mosque by killing 32 opposition groups who were inside it with heavy weapons and grenade.

The Korean War was a war fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea. North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union while South Korea was supported by the United Nations, principally the United States. The fighting ended with an armistice on 27 July 1953.

In 1910, Imperial Japan annexed Korea, where it ruled for 35 years until its surrender at the end of World War II on 15 August 1945. The United States and the Soviet Union divided Korea along the 38th parallel into two zones of occupation. The Soviets administered the northern zone and the Americans administered the southern zone. In 1948, as a result of Cold War tensions, the occupation zones became two sovereign states. A socialist state, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, was established in the north under the totalitarian communist leadership of Kim Il-sung while a capitalist state, the Republic of Korea, was established in the south under the authoritarian autocratic leadership of Syngman Rhee. Both governments of the two new Korean states claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither accepted the border as permanent.

North Korean military (Korean People's Army (KPA)) forces crossed the border and drove into South Korea on 25 June 1950. The United Nations Security Council denounced the North Korean move as an invasion and authorized the formation of the United Nations Command and the dispatch of forces to Korea to repel it. The Soviet Union was boycotting the UN for recognizing Taiwan (Republic of China) as China, and China (People's Republic of China) on the mainland was not recognized by the UN, so neither could support their ally North Korea at the Security Council meeting. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing around 90% of the military personnel.

 

After the first two months of war, South Korean Army (ROKA) and American forces hastily dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat, retreating to a small area behind a defensive line known as the Pusan Perimeter. In September 1950, a risky amphibious UN counteroffensive was launched at Incheon, cutting off KPA troops and supply lines in South Korea. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were forced back north. UN forces invaded North Korea in October 1950 and moved rapidly towards the Yalu River—the border with China—but on 19 October 1950, Chinese forces of the People's Volunteer Army (PVA) crossed the Yalu and entered the war. The UN retreated from North Korea after the First Phase Offensive and the Second Phase Offensive. Chinese forces were in South Korea by late December.

In these and subsequent battles, Seoul was captured four times, and communist forces were pushed back to positions around the 38th parallel, close to where the war had started. After this, the front stabilized, and the last two years were a war of attrition. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive US bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies.

The fighting ended on 27 July 1953 when the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed. The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no peace treaty was ever signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war, engaged in a frozen conflict. In April 2018, the leaders of North and South Korea met at the DMZ and agreed to work toward a treaty to formally end the Korean War.

The Korean War was among the most destructive conflicts of the modern era, with approximately 3 million war fatalities and a larger proportional civilian death toll than World War II or the Vietnam War. It incurred the destruction of virtually all of Korea's major cities, thousands of massacres by both sides, including the mass killing of tens of thousands of suspected communists by the South Korean government, and the torture and starvation of prisoners of war by the North Koreans. North Korea became among the most heavily bombed countries in history. Additionally, several million North Koreans are estimated to have fled North Korea over the course of the war.

Summary :

The Korean War was a war fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea. North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union while South Korea was supported by the United Nations, principally the United States. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953 when the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed. The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no peace treaty was ever signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war, engaged in a frozen conflict.

The infamy of the group and its distinctive name may simply have come from local slang at the time using ‘blinder’ as a description for someone looking particularly striking in appearance. Wherever the name came from, it stuck and would become a namesake for gangs long after the Peaky Blinders demise.

The origins of this gang and others similar to it, came from the poor living conditions and economic hardships which dominated industrial England during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Poverty was a principal cause for the formation of gangs which began with young boys who took up pickpocketing as a way of earning money.

Peaky Blinders emerged from the area of Small Heath in Birmingham, with the first reported activities detailed in a newspaper in March 1890 which described the brutal assault on a man by a gang known as “Peaky Blinders”. The group were already gaining infamy for their violence and brutality in the criminal world and were keen to have their activities recorded in the national newspapers.

Violence and bribery allowed Peaky Blinders enormous levels of control in the area. Economically, politically and socially, the Peaky Blinders called the shots and dictated the decisions. Culturally, they were dominating the scene.

The gang were able to control Birmingham and exercise their will for almost twenty years, in one of the largest criminal enterprises of the nineteenth century. As part of their expansion, they extended their criminal portfolio to include smuggling, robbery, bribery, forming protection rackets, fraud and also hijacking. Whilst partaking in a range of activities, their specialty remained in street based local crime such as robbery and assaults.

The notoriety and style of the gang earned them great levels of attention; their ability to exercise control, flout the law and exhibit their winnings remains a cultural and historical phenomenon still garnering attention today. Whilst the power of the Peaky Blinders faded with time, their namesake lived on in popular culture.

The first people to live in a land are called indigenous peoples. This means they were the original settlers. The Native Americans are the indigenous peoples and cultures of the United States.

Sometimes these peoples are referred to as Indians or American Indians. This is because when Columbus had first landed in America, he thought he had sailed all the way to the country of India. He called the locals Indians and the name stuck for some time.

Native Americans lived throughout North and South America. In the United States there were Native Americans in Alaska, Hawaii, and the mainland of the United States. Different tribes and cultures lived in different areas. In the middle of the country lived the Plains Indians, including tribes such as the Comanche and Arapaho. In the Southeast area of the country lived tribes such as the Cherokee and the Seminole.

The Native Americans were grouped into tribes or nations usually based on the area they lived in and their culture such as their religion, customs, and language. Sometimes smaller tribes were part of a bigger tribe or nation. As best as historians can tell, these tribes were fairly peaceful prior to the arrival of Columbus and the Europeans. There were hundreds of tribes throughout the United States when Columbus first arrived. Many of them are well known such as the Cherokee, Apache, and the Navajo. To learn more about these tribes, check out the links at the bottom of this page.

The Native Americans did not write down or record their history, so we have to find out about their history in other ways. Today archeologists are able to learn a lot about past cultures by digging up artifacts such as tools and weapons. Much of what we know comes from the recordings of the first Europeans to arrive. We can also learn from traditions and stories that have been passed down within the tribes from generation to generation.

Today, some of the descendants of the original American Indians live on reservations. These are areas of land set aside specifically for Native Americans. This helps to protect their heritage and culture. However, only around 30% live on reservations. The rest live outside the reservations just like anyone else.

Summary :

The Native Americans are the indigenous peoples and cultures of the United States. The Native Americans were grouped into tribes or nations usually based on the area they lived in and their culture such as their religion, customs, and language.  The Native Americans did not write down or record their history, so we have to find out about their history in other ways.

Hitler hated Jewish people and blamed them for Germany losing World War I. He considered Jewish people to be less than human. Hitler also believed in the superiority of the Aryan race. He wanted to use Darwinism and breeding to create a race of perfect people. Hitler wrote in his book Mein Kampf that when he became ruler he would rid Germany of all the Jews. Not many people believed he would really do this, but as soon as he became Chancellor he started his work against the Jews. He made laws that said Jews had no rights. Then he organized attacks on Jewish businesses and homes. On November 9, 1938 many Jewish homes and businesses were burnt down or vandalized. This night was called the Kristallnacht or "Night of Broken Glass".

During World War II when the Nazis would take over a city in Europe they would force all of the Jewish people into one area of town. This area was called a ghetto and was fenced in with barbed wire and guarded. There was little food, water, or medicine available. It was also very crowded with multiple families sometimes sharing a single room to live in.

 All Jewish people were eventually to be brought to concentration camps. They were told they were relocating to a new and better place, but this was not the case. Concentration camps were like prison camps. People were forced to do hard labor. The weak were quickly killed or died of starvation. Some camps even had gas chambers. People would be led into the chambers in large groups only to be killed with poison gas. The concentration camps were horrible places. 

Many Jewish people hid from the Nazis during World War II. They would hide with non-Jewish families. Sometimes they would pretend to be a part of the family and sometimes they would hide in hidden rooms or in a basement or attic. Some were able to eventually escape across the border into a free country, but many hid for years sometimes in the same room.
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Summary:
The Holocaust is one of the most terrible events in human history. It occurred during World War II when Hitler was leader of Germany. Six million Jewish people were murdered by the Nazis. Millions of other people that Hitler didn't like were killed as well. This included Polish people, Catholics, Serbs, and handicapped people. Hitler hated Jewish people and blamed them for Germany losing World War I. He considered Jewish people to be less than human. Hitler also believed in the superiority of the Aryan race. He wanted to use Darwinism and breeding to create a race of perfect people. Hitler wrote in his book Mein Kampf that when he became ruler he would rid Germany of all the Jews. All Jewish people were eventually to be brought to concentration camps. People were forced to do hard labor. Some camps even had gas chambers. People would be led into the chambers in large groups only to be killed with poison gas. The concentration camps were horrible places.

The February Revolution led by Alexander Kerensky had overthrown Tsar Nicholas II from the Russian Empire and replaced his reign with the Provisional Russian Government. However, this interim government was very weak and was torn apart by internal strife. As a result, there was a national crisis that affected the social, economic, political, and the people began to voice their dissatisfaction with the government. The Bolsheviks, deeply displeased with the government, also began to spread calls for a military uprising. The popularity of the Bolsheviks also increased after they defeated the coup attempt by the Supreme Commander of the Army Lavr Kornilov, otherwise known as the Kornilov Scandal. On October 10, 1917, the Petrograd Soviet, led by Trotsky, voted to support a military uprising. Then on October 24, 1917, the government closed many newspapers and closed the City of Petrograd in an attempt to prevent a second revolution. A large-scale revolt broke out the next day, when the Bolshevik fleet entered the port and tens of thousands of soldiers rose to support it.

Massive fighting between the government and the Bolshevik Red Army began on October 25, 1917. The Bolsheviks led their troops in the revolt in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg, then the capital of Russia). In Kronstadt, the sailors also declared their allegiance to the Bolshevik uprising. The Red Army was systematically able to seize key government facilities and communications buildings with little resistance. They also occupied stations and trains to hinder the work of government officials. The Petrograd garrison and most of the city's military units joined the rebellion against the Provisional Government. Alexander Kerensky and the Provisional Government were almost powerless to put up a fight. When Alexander Kerensky fled Petrograd, Lenin wrote a proclamation to the Russian people. Lenin declared that the Provisional Government had been overthrown by the Military Revolutionary Committee.

Summary : 

The October Revolution or the Bolshevik Revolution was a socialist Revolution – and at the same time successful, in the world. Starting with the revolutionary movement in the Russian Empire to overthrow the autocracy under the Tsar in February 1917, Vladimir Lenin continued the revolution to overthrow the provisional government in October 1917. This revolution resulted in the formation of the world's first socialist state, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and the beginning of the Russian Civil War. After the socialist Red Army defeated the monarchical and capitalist White Army, they established the government that would become the U.S.S.R. or the Soviet Union in 1922. The October Revolution caused a domino effect, starting from ending World War I, setting the stage for World War II, being the cause of the rise and fall of Fascism, spreading and overthrowing Communism, starting the Cold War, decolonization, and being the inspiration for later uprisings, such as the communist revolution in Germany. , Hungary, Mongolia, Cuba, Vietnam, China and other countries

Quoted from the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Japan's defeat sparked a rivalry between nationalists and Communists for control of vital resources and population centers in northern China and Manchuria. Nationalist forces, using U.S. military transportation facilities, were able to take over major cities and most of the railways in Eastern and Northern China. Meanwhile, Communist forces occupied most of the interior in the north and in Manchuria. The United Front was always vulnerable, and both nationalists and Communists quietly realized they would only cooperate until Japan lost. Nationalists and Communists would make peace before Japan's surrender was finalized. Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek issued a series of invitations to Communist leader Mao Zedong to meet with him in Chongqing, to discuss the country's reunification and rebuilding.

On August 28, 1945, Mao accompanied by American Ambassador Patrick Hurley arrived in Chongqing. On October 10, 1945, the two sides announced that they had in principle reached an agreement to fight for a united and democratic China. A pair of committees will be set up to deal with military and political issues that have not been resolved by a preliminary framework agreement, but serious fighting between the government and Communist forces broke out before the bodies could meet. The withdrawal of Soviet occupation forces in March–April 1946 also triggered the seizure of territory. Nationalist forces occupied Mukden (Shenyang) on March 12, while the Communists consolidated their grip throughout northern Manchuria. After government forces captured Changchun on May 23, a 15-day ceasefire was declared in Manchuria from June 6 to June 22. However, fighting intensified elsewhere, as government and Communist forces clashed in Jehol (Chengde), northern Kiangsu (Jiangsu), northeastern Hopeh (Hebei), and southeastern Shantung (Shandong). 

China's Civil War ended in 1950, claiming 8 million lives from both the military and civilians. The impact of the Chinese Civil War was the establishment of the People's Republic of China which controlled mainland China, and the establishment of the Republic of China on the island of Taiwan.

Summary:

The Chinese Civil War, which took place in 1945-1949, involved the Kuomintang Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong's Communists. Nationalist forces, using U.S. military transportation facilities, were able to take over major cities and most of the railways in Eastern and Northern China. A pair of committees will be set up to deal with military and political issues that have not been resolved by a preliminary framework agreement, but serious fighting between the government and Communist forces broke out before the bodies could meet.

Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom, ruling much of Nubia and a sizable portion of the Near East, after which it entered a period of slow decline. During the course of its history Egypt was invaded or conquered by a number of foreign powers, including the Hyksos, the Libyans, the Nubians, the Assyrians, the Achaemenid Persians, and the Macedonians under the command of Alexander the Great. The Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom, formed in the aftermath of Alexander's death, ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when, under Cleopatra, it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province.

The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs.

The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known planked boats, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty, made with the Hittites. Ancient Egypt has left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for millennia. A newfound respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period by Europeans and Egyptians led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy.

 

1.    The Edwardian War (1337-1360)

The French king confiscated Gascony to the French Crown in 1337 and raided the south coast of England. In June 1340 French invasion fleet was sunk by an English fleet at Sluys in the Scheldt estuary. This was followed up in 1345 with the capture of Gascony and invasion of Normandy where the strategy of chevauchées was employed. The strategy worked and the French army unable to find a response to the combination of English archers and knights fighting on foot, suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Crécy in August 1346. Philip cleverly called on his Scottish allies to invade northern England. David II of Scotland invaded England in October 1346 but was defeated by an English army at the Battle of Neville's Cross (17 October 1346). King David was captured and only released in 1357 as part of the Treaty of Berwick. In 1347 Calais was captured but the arrival of the Black Death plague in Europe interrupted the hostilities. The next major victory was at the Battle of Poitiers in September 1356 was led by Edward's able son (1330-1376). The defeated King John II of France was captured at Poitiers and was detained for four years. The 1360 Treaty of Brétigny was then signed between England and France which recognised Edward's claim to 25% of France in return for Edward renouncing his claim to the French crown.

 

2.    The Caroline War (1369-1389)

The Peace of Brétigny ended in 1369 when Charles V aka Charles the Wise (r. 1364-1380), began to grab back in earnest what his predecessors had lost. Charles also had a superior navy to the English and so was able to make frequent raids on the south coast of England. Most of Aquitaine was grabbed in 1372, an English fleet was defeated off La Rochelle in the same year and by 1375, the only lands left in France belonging to the English Crown were Calais and a slice of Gascony. In 1389 a truce was declared once again and relations further improved when, on 12 March 1396, Richard II of England married Isabella of France, the daughter of Charles VI of France. Under the next king, Henry IV of England (r. 1399-1413), the Crown was rather too preoccupied with rebellions in England and Wales to do very much in France.

 

3.    The Lancastrian War (1415-1453)

Henry invaded Normandy, captured the important port of Harfleur in 1415 and followed this up with a stunning victory at the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October. In 1419 Henry had managed to conquer all of Normandy, including the capital Rouen. These victories had made Henry V a national hero and in May 1420 he obliged the French to sign a peace treaty, The Treaty of Troyes. To cement the new alliance, Henry married Charles' daughter, Catherine of Valois. In March 1421, the English lost at the Battle of Baugé and Henry's own brother, Thomas, Duke of Clarence was killed. Henry headed to France to resume the war personally and on 11 May 1422, he captured Meaux after an eight-month siege. Henry never got the chance to become the king of France as he died unexpectedly, probably of dysentery on 31 August 1422 at Bois de Vincennes in France.

 

 

 

The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) was an intermittent conflict between England and France lasting 116 years. It began principally because King Edward III (r. 1327-1377) and Philip VI (r. 1328-1350) escalated a dispute over feudal rights in Gascony to a battle for the French Crown. At first, the English won great victories at the battles of Crécy (1346) and Poitiers (1356) but then Charles V of France (r. 1364-1380) steadily regained much of the lands lost since the start of the war. 

After a period of peace when Richard II of England (r. 1377-1399) married the daughter of Charles VI of France (r. 1380-1422), the war exploded into action again with the Battle of Agincourt (1415), won by Henry V of England (r. 1413-1422). Henry was nominated the heir to the French throne but his early death and the ineffectual rule of Henry VI of England (r. 1422-61 & 1470-71) resulted in Charles VII of France (r. 1422-1461) retaking the initiative. With help from such figures as Joan of Arc (1412-1431), the French won crucial battles at Formigny (1450) and Castillon (1453) to bring final victory.

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