Including You Science Mind Map by Olivia Jon https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg en-us 2023-02-17 02:03:32 UTC 2023-02-27 17:25:02 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f9ec.png Including You olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485796591 2023-02-17 02:05:26 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485796591 Big Bang olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485796840 2023-02-17 02:05:49 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485796840 olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485797186 Big Bang is how astronomers explain how the universe began 13.8 billion years ago. Life as we know did not exist at all, everything we know was compacted in a very small ball, infinitely full of density and heat. In the first seconds of this explosion, everything was extremely hot and dense. This means that everything was filled with energy, so much, nothing was able to bind together. As the universe cooled down, the temperature was perfect to create the building blocks of matter, quarks, and electrons. ]]> 2023-02-17 02:06:11 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485797186 olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485798145 One of the main evidence of the theory is Hubble's discovery in the 1920s of a relationship between a galaxy's distance from Earth and its speed. Additionally, because of Hubble's law, astronomers can determine when the Big Bang occurred and how old the Universe is by calculating how long ago galaxies first started to separate from one another.]]> 2023-02-17 02:07:26 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485798145 olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485798778 During the first seconds of the Big Bang, quarks began to rise. Quarks are subatomic particles which carries fraction of electric charges. As they combine, they create protons and neutrons. ]]> 2023-02-17 02:08:18 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485798778 Particles olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485799052 2023-02-17 02:08:41 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485799052 olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485801108 Each up quark has a charge of+2/3 and each down quark has a charge of -1/3]]> 2023-02-17 02:11:29 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485801108 Atoms olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485801732 2023-02-17 02:12:21 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485801732 olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485803923 An atom is a building block for all the matter. ]]> 2023-02-17 02:15:03 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485803923 olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485807911 Every atom has a nucleus, which contains positive particles called protons and particles with no charge called neutrons. Atoms also contain electrons which move around the nucleus. ]]> 2023-02-17 02:19:20 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485807911 olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485808104 Atoms create chemical elements. Each element is distinguished by the number of protons contained in an atom. Atoms combine with each other in order to become molecules which are primary particles of any substance of matter. ]]> 2023-02-17 02:19:35 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485808104 DNA olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485812288 2023-02-17 02:24:25 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485812288 olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485812719 DNA is a book of structure of how you look like. Inside and out. It is the genetic information of our bodies and are responsible for making who we are. ]]> 2023-02-17 02:25:04 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2485812719 DNA -> Protein (protein synthesis) olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486432553 There are 3 main steps of taking the information of the DNA and creating proteins. Replication, transcription, and translation. ]]> 2023-02-17 15:01:32 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486432553 Chromosome olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486448591 Each individual part of DNA is called a chromosome. A chromosome is a thread-like structure located inside the nucleus of a cell. There are 46 total chromosomes in one cell. Half comes from the mother and the other half comes from the father. 

]]> 2023-02-17 15:14:52 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486448591 Evolution olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486457493 2023-02-17 15:22:22 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486457493 Darwin theory olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486477600 Darwin's theory explains that all life on earth originated from the same creature and as new offspring are born, new traits are created. More favorable traits tend to pass through generations and evolve or even create new species. 

]]> 2023-02-17 15:39:00 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486477600 Higgs Boson and Higgs Field olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486955738 Higgs Boson is a fundamental particle connected to the Higgs Field. This field supplies mass to other fundamental particles such as neutrons and protons. Together, they helped give mass and consequently, help created every thing we see.  ]]> 2023-02-18 05:21:10 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486955738 Discovery olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486956676 But, how does all this, create us, humans? How did we become what we are? The most promising idea today for where life came from is that life emerged from chemistry, the study of matter, and not simply a vital force. In 1828, this idea was proved as a chemist named Friedrich Wöhler accidentally produced one of the main components of urine which at that time, chemists thought could only be produced by the Vital Force. 

]]> 2023-02-18 05:25:12 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486956676 Replication olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486978916 As the name implies, during this step, stands of DNA replicate. They do this by splitting the double helix of the DNA into singular stands. As they are separated, new DNA segments are bound with the stands of DNA creating a whole entire genome. ]]> 2023-02-18 06:53:52 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486978916 Transcription olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486980539 In this process, the DNA data is copied in order to create an RNA molecule that carries the information out of the nucleus and into the ribosome. ]]> 2023-02-18 06:59:42 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486980539 Transplation olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486982708 The ribosome is the protein synthesis factory. transfer RNA is needed during protein synthesis. The rRNA has amino acids that interact with the mRNA and translate the code into proteins!]]> 2023-02-18 07:08:56 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486982708 olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486986135 Inheritance pea example: 
Mendel combined 1 purebred yellow-seeded plant with 1 purebred green-seeded plant and he got only yellow seeds. This meant the yellow trait was dominant because it was expressed in all the new seeds. 

He then let the new yellow-seeded hybrid plants self fertilizer. This time, there were both yellow and green seeds. 

This shows how the green trait was recessive meaning it was hidden under the yellow trait, which was dominant.

 ]]> 2023-02-18 07:22:52 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2486986135 Inheritance olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487147747 2023-02-18 15:25:40 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487147747 Alleles olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487149678 Each trait depends on a pair of factors. One coming from the mother and one coming from the father. They represent the different variations of a gene. These factors are called alleles. ]]> 2023-02-18 15:30:32 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487149678 Genotype olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487150075 There are different types of allele pairs. Some of them can be homozygous (both alleles are the same) or heterozygous (alleles are different). The combination of alleles is called genotype. ]]> 2023-02-18 15:31:32 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487150075 Phenotype olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487150868 Phenotype is the trait that end up showing up physically. For example, if the mother has blue eyes and the father has brown eyes, the eye color of the baby would be the phenotype. (blue, brown or other) ]]> 2023-02-18 15:33:35 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487150868 Punnet square olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487154645 An easy way to visualize how alleles are distributed among descendants is using the Punnett squares. You place the different alleles coming from the parents in the axes and find out the possible combinations. 

In the example above, uppercase B is the dominant gene (brown eyes) while the lowercase b is the recessive gene (blue eyes). In the example, both parents have heterozygous alleles, and because the dominant genes always overpower the recessive, there is a 3:1 chance that the offspring would have brown eyes as 3/4 of the possible combinations are heterozygous. ]]> 2023-02-18 15:43:56 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487154645 Gametes olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487155965 With gametes, parents transferred their genes to their offspring. Gametes are HAPLOID because they have one of each type of chromosome. Hence, each gene is represented by a single allele in the nucleus of a gamete. During cell division, each gene's two alleles divide into distinct haploid daughter nuclei (meiosis).]]> 2023-02-18 15:47:18 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487155965 Zygotes olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487157128 The mixture of gametes can result in diploid zygotes. In the zygotes, two alleles of each gene that can be homozygous or heterozygous. ]]> 2023-02-18 15:50:31 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487157128 Human skin color olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487158749 2023-02-18 15:55:05 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487158749 Melanin olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487305442 We know skin color may vary a lot. This happens thanks to natural selection and evolution. 

We see human color based on how the pigment (melanin) absorbs or reflects the light. Melanin sits inside the melanosomes which look like little grains. They are produced by cells called melanocytes. The type of melanin inside our melanosomes varies from person to person depending on their genetic inheritance. The reddish-yellow pheomelanin is found in lightly pigmented people's melanosomes. Black-brown eumelanin is found in darker-skinned people. The more eumelanin, the darker the skin.
]]> 2023-02-18 22:59:12 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487305442 olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487307488 Ultra violet radiation comes from the sun and can penetrate living cells. When this happens, it can cause skin mutations in skin cell DNA. Melanin is what protects this from happening. It does this by protecting skin cell DNA by absorbing the radiation. ]]> 2023-02-18 23:07:37 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487307488 olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487308204 2023-02-18 23:11:22 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487308204 olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487308256 2023-02-18 23:11:41 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487308256 olivia_jon26_1 https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487309166 The maps above show the direct correlation between the intensity of UV radiation distribution and the skin color of people around the world. Wherever UV radiation is more intense, the darker the skin. 

This suggests that diversity in human melanin production happens as different populations adapted biologically to different UV radiation exposure levels around the world. ]]> 2023-02-18 23:16:56 UTC https://padlet.com/olivia_jon26_1/8c73c2otnt3icvpg/wish/2487309166