A calque, or loan translation, involves translating a word or phrase from the source language into the target language by directly translating its components. This method results in a new expression that mirrors the structure and meaning of the original.

Examples of English-to-Spanish Calques:

• Skyscraper → Rascacielos

• Superman → Superhombre

• Science fiction → Ciencia ficción

• Hot dog → Perro caliente

• Weekend → Fin de semana

  
  

• Borrowing Technique

  Borrowing entails taking words or expressions directly from the source language into the target language without translation. These borrowed terms are often used when there is no equivalent in the target language or to retain the cultural context of the original term.

  TRANSLATOR THOUGHTS

  Examples of English-to-Spanish Borrowings:

  • Software → Software

  • Internet → Internet

  • Marketing → Marketing

  • Chat → Chat

  • Email → Email

  3. Major Differences Between Calque and Borrowing Techniques

  • Translation vs. Direct Adoption:

  • Calque: Involves translating the components of a term to create a new expression in the target language.

  • Borrowing: Involves directly adopting the term from the source language without translation.

  • Integration into Target Language:

  • Calque: The resulting expression is often fully integrated into the target language, adhering to its grammatical and syntactical rules.

  • Borrowing: The borrowed term may retain its original form and may not conform to the target language's typical linguistic patterns.

  
  

A calque is a type of translation where a foreign word or phrase is directly translated into the target language, word by word or morpheme by morpheme, preserving the original structure.

Examples of Calques

1. Rascacielos (from English “skyscraper”)

2. Teléfono móvil (from English “mobile phone”)

3. Puente aéreo (from English “air bridge”)

4. Fuerza laboral (from English “workforce”)

5. Balón de fútbol (from English “football/soccer ball”)

2. Borrowing Technique:

Borrowing occurs when a language adopts a word or phrase from another language without translation, often with little to no modification. This technique is typically used for terms that do not exist in the target language or when the original term is preferred for its precision or global recognition.

Examples of Borrowing

1. Internet (from English “Internet”)

2. Marketing (from English “marketing”)

3. Club (from English “club”)

4. Software (from English “software”)

5. Manager (from English “manager”)

Two Major Differences Between Calque and Borrowing:

1. Translation vs. Direct Adoption:

• Calque involves translating the meaning of foreign terms into the target language.

• Borrowing involves adopting the foreign term directly without translation, often keeping the original form.

2. Structural Change:

• Calque results in a phrase or term that conforms to the grammar and structure of the target language.

• Borrowing keeps the structure and form of the original language, sometimes adapting the pronunciation or spelling but rarely altering the term’s grammatical structure.

Examples:

1. Skyscraper→ Rascacielos

2. Weekend→ Fin de semana

3. Hot dog→ Perro caliente

4. Science fiction → Ciencia ficción

5. Software→ Programa informático

2. The Borrowing Technique involves directly incorporating a word or expression from one language into another without translation.

Examples:

-Smartphone → Smartphone

-Wi-Fi → Wi-Fi

-Streaming → Streaming

-Blog → Blog

-Bluetooth → Bluetooth

3. Two Major Differences Between Calque and Borrowing

1. Translation vs. Adoption:

Calquetranslates the elements of the word or phrase into the target language.

-Borrowing adopts the word or phrase directly from the source language, often without any translation.

2. Linguistic Adaptation:

-Calque integrates the concept into the target language while adapting it to the linguistic norms.

-Borrowing often retains the original word's form, even if it slightly modifies spelling or pronunciation to fit the target language.

Definition:
The calque technique involves translating an expression or phrase from one language to another word for word or component by component, maintaining its original structure and meaning.

Examples (English to Spanish):

1. Skate park → Parque de patinaje

2. Supermarket → Supermercado

3. Full-time → Tiempo completo

4. Role model → Modelo a seguir

5. Greenhouse effect → Efecto invernadero

   Borrowing Technique

   Definition:
   The borrowing technique occurs when one language takes a word or expression directly from another language without translating it, keeping the original term intact.

   Examples (English to Spanish):

   1. Bluetooth → Bluetooth

   2. Laptop → Laptop

   3. Jeans → Jeans

   4. Podcast → Podcast

   5. Smartphone → Smartphone

      
      

      Two Major Differences Between These Techniques:

      Adaptation Process:

      Calque: Translates the phrase by adapting it to the linguistic rules of the target language.

      Borrowing: Introduces the term as it is, without alterations or translation.

      Nature of the Term:

      Calque: The resulting term sounds native to the target language.

      Borrowing: The term retains a foreign identity, often perceived as "borrowed."

      
      

      
      

The calque technique consists of translating a word or expression literally from one language to another, respecting the original structure. It’s like breaking down a phrase and reconstructing it in the target language using direct equivalents.

• Examples of calques from English to Spanish:

1. Brainstorm - Lluvia de ideas

2. Hardware - Equipo físico

3. Superman - Superhombre

4. Overdose - Sobredosis

5. Daylight - Luz del día

   
   

Borrowing Technique

The borrowing technique consists of directly taking words from another language without translating them. Sometimes, the word is slightly adapted in pronunciation or spelling to fit the target language.

• Examples of borrowings from English to Spanish:

1. Email - Email

2. Bluetooth - Bluetooth

3. Chat - Chat

4. Hashtag - Hashtag

5. Wi-Fi - Wi-Fi

   
   

Main differences between the two techniques:

1. Literal translation vs. original usage:

   • Calque translates expressions word for word, maintaining their meaning and structure in the target language.

   • Borrowing takes the word as it is, with little to no changes.

2. Linguistic appearance:

   • Calque adapts the words to the receiving language, fully integrating them.

   • Borrowing keeps the foreign appearance, preserving its connection to the original language.

3. Main differences between calque and loanword:
• Adaptation process: In a calque, the original word is translated or adapted to the receiving language, whereas in a loanword, the word is taken as is from the original language, without translation.
• Phonetic or grammatical modification: In a calque, adjustments may be made to the grammatical or phonetic structure of the term, whereas in a loanword, the word generally remains unchanged, although it may undergo slight modifications to fit the spelling or pronunciation rules of the target language.

Definition:

The calque technique is a literal translation of a word or phrase from one language to another. It keeps the original meaning but adapts the words into the target language’s structure and vocabulary.

Examples:

1. Milkshake → Batido de leche

2. Darkroom → Cuarto oscuro

3. Job interview → Entrevista de trabajo

4. Fast food → Comida rápida

5. Cold war → Guerra fría

2. Define the Borrowing Technique and give 5 examples from English into Spanish.

Definition:

The borrowing technique involves directly incorporating a word or expression from one language into another without translating it. The borrowed word is often adjusted slightly for pronunciation or spelling.

Examples:

1. Jeans → Jeans

2. Wi-Fi → Wi-Fi

3. Robot → Robot

4. Pizza → Pizza

5. Blog → Blog

3. What are two major differences between these two techniques?

1. Translation vs. Adoption:

• Calque: Translates the word or phrase into the target language.

• Borrowing: Uses the original word directly with little to no

The calque technique involves translating an expression or phrase literally, word-for-word, from one language to another while maintaining its original meaning.

Examples of calques from English to Spanish:

1. Skyscraper → Rascacielos

2. Brainstorm → Lluvia de ideas

3. Hot dog → Perro caliente

4. Superman → Superhombre

5. Science fiction → Ciencia ficción

Borrowing Technique

The borrowing technique involves directly taking a word or expression from one language and incorporating it into another without translating it.

Examples of borrowings from English to Spanish:

1. Internet → Internet

2. Software → Software

3. Email → Email

4. Jeans → Jeans

5. Bluetooth → Bluetooth

Two Major Differences

1. Nature of Adaptation:

Calque: Involves translation and adaptation of structure and meaning.

Borrowing: Directly adopts the term with little to no modification.

2. Integration into Language:

Calque: The expression is translated and adapted to fit the target language’s grammar and syntax.

Borrowing: The term is often used as is, sometimes adjusted fo

r pronunciation or spelling but retaining its original form.

Calque is a translation technique where a phrase or word is translated literally from one language to another, preserving its structure but adapting it to the target language.

Examples of Calque from English to Spanish

Hydrogen→ Hydrogeno

Science fiction → Ciencia ficción

Weekend → Fin de semana

Hot dog→Perro caliente

World war→ Guerra mundial

Borrowing is the process by which a word from one language is adapted for use in another.

Examples of Borrowing from English to Spanish

Sandwich → Dándwich

Ketchup→ Ketchup

Jeans → Jeans

Avatar→ Avatar

Blog→Blog

Two major differences between these two are:

Calque translates the original term into the target language, and borrowing adopts the original term without translation.

Calque creates expressions that align with the grammar and vocabulary of the target language, whereas borrowing keeps the foreign term.

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Calque Technique:

This is a literal translation at phrase level. Sometimes calques work, sometimes they don't. You often see them in specialized, internationalized fields such as quality assurance

luna de miel (honeymoon)

perros calientes (hot dogs)

conferencia de alto nivel (high level conference)

Blue-blood (sangre azul)

Fifth column (quinta columna)

Borrowing Technique:

This technique implies that you take the words straight from the source language and transfer them into the target text. Translators use borrowing when there is no target language equivalent and can help to preserve the cultural context of the source text.

Internet: This word keeps its original English spelling in Spanish.

Sandwich: This term is used for sandwiches in Spanish, maintaining its original English spelling.

Pop: A popular music genre in both English and Spanish.

Hot dog: The popular American food item is referred to by the same name in Spanish.

Laptop: In Mexico, they use the word laptop. In Spain, this object is called el ordenador portátil.

Borrowed words can become part of general usage in the target language. But in calque Technique Retains the structure of the source language while translating its individual elements.

1. Borrowing:

This involves directly taking a word from another language without significant modification. The borrowed word may retain its original spelling, pronunciation, and meaning, though sometimes small changes occur to fit the phonological or grammatical norms of the borrowing language.

2. Calque:

In a calque, a foreign word or phrase is translated literally, part by part, into the borrowing language. The structure or meaning of the expression is replicated using native elements rather than adopting the foreign word directly.

Borrowing imports the word itself, while calque translates the components.

Borrowing retains much of the original language’s characteristics, whereas calque adapts the meaning into the native language’s words.

Calque Examples:

1. Call to action - Llamado a la acción

2. Black market -Mercado negro

3. Loan shark - Tiburón prestamista

4. Time is money - El tiempo es dinero

5. Superman - Superhombre

Borrowing Examples:

1. Smartphone -Smartphone

2. Laptop - Laptop

3. Bluetooth -Bluetooth

4. Email - Email (though correo electrónico is more formal)

5. Online - Online

• Calque is a translation technique where a phrase or expression is literally translated from one language into another, preserving the structure of the source language.

  
  

  Examples of calques from English into Spanish:

  1. Skyscraper → Rascacielos (“Rascar” = “to scrape”; “cielos” = “skies”).

  2. Weekend → Fin de semana (“Fin” = “end”; “semana” = “week”).

  3. Luna de miel → Honeymoon (“Luna” = “moon”; “miel” = “honey”).

  4. Perro caliente → Hot dog (“Perro” = “dog”; “caliente” = “hot”).

  5. Ratoncito de biblioteca → Bookworm (“Ratoncito” = “little mouse”; “biblioteca” = “library”).

  
  

2. Define the Borrowing Technique and give 5 examples from English into Spanish.

• Borrowing involves taking a word or expression directly from another language without translation. The borrowed term is often adapted slightly to fit the phonological or grammatical rules of the target language.

  
  

  Examples of borrowing from English into Spanish:

  1. Computadora → Computer

  2. Béisbol → Baseball

  3. Sándwich → Sandwich

  4. Espray → Spray

  5. Marketing → Marketing

  
  

3. What are two major differences between these two techniques.

1. Translation vs. Adoption:

• Calque: The expression is translated literally into the target language.

• Borrowing: The word or phrase is adopted directly from the source language without translation.

• 2. Preservation of Original Form:

  • Calque: The structure of the original language is adapted to fit the grammar and vocabulary of the target language.

  • Borrowing: The original form of the word is often preserved, though sometimes modified for pronunciation or spelling.

It is when we translate a foreign word or phrase literally into the target language, maintaining its original structure.

Examples (Spanish → English):

• Skyscraper.

• Brainstorming.

• Hot dog.

• Science fiction.

• Weekend.

Borrowing Technique

This is when we use a word from the original language as is, without translating it.

Examples (English → Spanish):

Pizza → Pizza.

Wi-Fi → Wi-Fi

Marketing → Marketing.

Online → Online.

Jeans → Jeans.

Main differences between both techniques:

Translation:

Calque literally translates the word or phrase

Loanword preserves the original word without translating it.

Adaptation:

Calque adapts the term to the target language.

Loanword preserves the term as it is in the original language.