https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy en-us 2022-10-12 17:11:43 UTC 2022-10-17 02:56:49 UTC hello@padlet.com sschw4147 https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2337412713 These type of hypersensitivity reactions are due to IgE responses that are exaggerated. They are due to exposure to allergens like pollen, nuts, and soy. The body's response to these allergens is immediate. This is due to the short life span of IgE in the blood. IgE has a half life of 3 days, where the other immunoglobulins have half lives of weeks. Mast cells produce signals that induce the IgE synthesis. Mast cells are cells that produce histamine which plays a major rile in allergic reactions. 
S.S.]]> 2022-10-12 17:21:07 UTC https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2337412713 sschw4147 https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2337412914 Factors include geographical location, environmental risks, socioeconomic status, genetic predisposition, the hygiene hypothesis, and exposure to the allergen. If a person lives in a heavily polluted area, they are at a high risk to developing allergic reactions. People who live in a poorer area may not have access to resources and can develop allergies. The hygiene hypothesis is the idea that because of our good hygienic practices, children are not exposed to antigens early in life. This doesn't allow the immune system to fully develop to antigens and thus develop allergies. Exposure to the allergen includes eating a food that causes allergic reactions, or being stung by a bee.
S.S.]]> 2022-10-12 17:21:16 UTC https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2337412914 sschw4147 https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2337413900 Anaphylaxis is typically an IgE-mediated (type 1) hypersensitivity reaction that involves the release of numerous chemical mediators from the degranulation of basophils and mast cells after re-exposure to a specific antigen. IgE crosslinking and resultant aggregation of high-affinity receptors induce the rapid release of stored chemical mediators. These chemical mediators include histamine, tryptase, carboxypeptidase A, and proteoglycans. Via activation of phospholipase A, cyclooxygenases, and lipoxygenases they then form arachidonic acid metabolites including leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and platelet-activating factors. The inflammatory response is then mediated by TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor), both as a preformed and late-phase reactant. 
P.G.]]> 2022-10-12 17:21:43 UTC https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2337413900 sschw4147 https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2337414406 C.S.]]> 2022-10-12 17:21:55 UTC https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2337414406 sschw4147 https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2337415320 C.S.

]]> 2022-10-12 17:22:30 UTC https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2337415320 sschw4147 https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2337415575 Therapeutic management to any allergic reaction is vital due to the urgency of being at risk for rapid deterioration leading to the development of anaphylactic or death. 

Airway management is key to avoid perioral edema, stridor, and angioedema. Any delays may reduce successful intubation as swelling continues increasing risk for surgical airway opening. Decontamination of offending agent is the next priority to prevent continue exposure and clinical worsening of the allergens. Treat with epinephrine through intramuscular injection. Intramuscular injection provides a more rapid delivery of the product and produces better outcomes. Anaphylactic is also responsive to IV fluid resuscitation if needed. However, most therapeutic treatment will include adjunctive therapies such as with steroids, inhaled bronchodilators, vasopressors, and antihistamines. Glucagon can also be used as these agents aid in the prevention of recurrence and biphasic reactions. Lastly, Sirtuin 6 is a NAD dependent deacetylase that suppresses protein tyrosine phosphatase receptors type C transcription. The process leads to negative regulation of FcERI signaling cascade in mast cells thus used as another therapeutic strategy for anaphylaxis. 
P.G.

]]> 2022-10-12 17:22:40 UTC https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2337415575 sschw4147 https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2338962565 HealthPrep. (2020). Reasons individuals might go into anaphylactic shock. https://healthprep.com/allergies/5-reasons-one-might-go-into-anaphylactic-shock.

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Mosby.
bbas M, Moussa M, Akel H. Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction. [Updated 2022 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560561/

McLendon, K. & Sternard, B. T. (2022). Anaphylaxis. StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL. from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482124

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5657389/

https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/hypersensitivity

Carvalho, N., Barros, A., Coelho, H., Cóias, A., Botelho, P., Cismasiu, B., Moita, L., & Costa, P. (2021, October 18). Increased IGE deposition in appendicular tissue specimens is compatible with a type I hypersensitivity reaction in acute appendicitis. Mediators of Inflammation. Retrieved October 15, 2022, from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2021/4194859/

Pritchard, D. I., Falcone, F. H., & Mitchell, P. D. (2020, August 27). The evolution of IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity and its immunological value. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved October 15, 2022, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.14570 


]]> 2022-10-13 15:14:24 UTC https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2338962565 pgull2914 https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2341161200 Anaphylaxis refers to the state when someone's body floods itself with inflammatory compounds and antibodies that can cause many life-threatening complications. Clinical manifestations or symptoms of anaphylaxis includes swelling of the face, hives or rashes, blocked airways or trouble breathing, incontinence, and lastly death if not treated promptly. 
P.G.]]> 2022-10-15 05:50:06 UTC https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2341161200 sschw4147 https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2341313963 This video describes what anaphylaxis is. It also shows the signs and symptoms that a person is going into anaphylaxis, and treatment. It shows how to use an EpiPen. It is super beneficial for a person with no medical knowledge, but also explains things in a way that reinforces things for a person with the knowledge already. Any person who watches this video would understand what anaphylaxis is.
S.S.]]> 2022-10-15 12:54:32 UTC https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2341313963 sschw4147 https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2341317398 This article explains the major role that IgE plays in food allergies and anaphylaxis. Measuring IgE levels is key when diagnosing food allergies in people. The Fc-epsilon-RI receptor is a high affinity receptor of IgE to bind to. This receptor is found on the surface of mast cells. This mean it is one of the key members of triggering allergic reactions. 
S.S.]]> 2022-10-15 13:02:34 UTC https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2341317398 sschw4147 https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2342371073 This article explains that Acute appendicitis is a common disease, however its etiology has been difficult to understand. More recently, histological sections of appendix samples have shown that an allergic reaction may contribute to the pathophysiology of appendicitis. There was an increased amount of IgE present in cells in acute appendicitis when compared to incidental appendicitis. This high presence of IgE supports the idea that allergic reactions may contribute to the pathophysiology of acute appendicitis. Through this finding, doctors and scientists could create preventative actions to avoid a patient undergoing surgery for acute appendicitis. 
S.S. ]]> 2022-10-17 02:07:22 UTC https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2342371073 sschw4147 https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2342383277 Since the 1960s, there has been a steady increase in type 1 hypersensitivity allergies. It is believed that around 40% of the population today has allergies to environmental proteins. IgE is a unique mammalian trait, which has evolved with mammals, however the allergic phenotype is not unique. Other animals, such as chickens, have similar immune responses to parasites that a human or mammal would. Parasites are believed to be closely associated with IgE, and they date back millions of years. 
S.S.]]> 2022-10-17 02:16:55 UTC https://padlet.com/sschw4147/88iohls51q3f1vhy/wish/2342383277