https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio Group 8 en-us 2019-11-05 10:04:57 UTC 2019-11-07 16:30:15 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/91810442/4eab4ab0d7f4cb776574703dd4e24fd6/giraffe_icon.svg kongsinlin https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406829893 Heamonchus contortusis a parasite (nemtode) and highly pathogenic, blood-feeding nematode of small ruminants of economic importance in Malaysia and many countries in Asia.

It is limited by practice management, genetic, environmental factor, species, hypobiosis and others. Vaccination can prevent the parasite from infected. ]]> 2019-11-05 13:44:23 UTC https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406829893 kongsinlin https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406830141 1.The challenges in effective control of this nematode.

2.  Different types of Haemonchus contortus antigens that can used as adjuvanted vaccines.

3. Availability of vaccine to prevent Haemonchus contortus in Malaysia very rare. 

4. What type of immunity is the most important in the clearance of the parasite

]]> 2019-11-05 13:44:50 UTC https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406830141 kongsinlin https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406830420
Challenges in effective control of this nematode are:
-Development of drug resistant and towards anthelmentic.
- Larvae being spread widely in the grass which is a source of animal feed.
-Able to reproduce at any  different climate as it is suitable for them to adapt.
- Wet surrounding of that encourage their reproduction.
- Highly prolific
-hypobiosil

Types of antigen
-H-11
-H-gal-gp
-H-sL3
Vaccine
- FCA (Freund's Complete Adjuvant)
-FIC
Combination of killed vaccine for larva and adult are needed. Adjuvant and killed vaccine are applied together in order to let adjuvant replicate and stay in body longer. Antigen depot allows slowly release of antigen and triggers the antibody. The vaccine is in the form of emulsion (combination lipid and oil) and need to be administered by injection in the muscle (IM). The disadvantages is it cause irritation.

Type of immunity that important for clearance:

Humoral immunity play important role to fight against extracellular parasite. It mediated by CD4 T cell and the Th2 help by secreting cytokines to destruct the parasite outside the cell. Th2 also help for B-cell proliferation in order to produce antibodies against the parasite.]]> 2019-11-05 13:45:22 UTC https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406830420 kongsinlin https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406832016 Pasteurella multocida serotype B and Brucella abortus are two leading bacteria agents affecting large ruminants. Vaccines have been used to control the diseases in order to reduce the use of antibiotic as therapy for infected animals.]]> 2019-11-05 13:47:46 UTC https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406832016 kongsinlin https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406835557 What are vaccines used to prevent  Pasteurella multocida serotype B and Brucella abortus infection?

What are the immune responses induced by Pasteurella multocida serotype B and Brucella abortus?

What are the some limitations of the current vaccine against these bacteria infection?

Is conventional or molecular diagnostic method better for detection of bacteria?]]> 2019-11-05 13:54:06 UTC https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406835557 kongsinlin https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406836573 Pasteurella multocida serotype B - killed vaccine (eg: Bacterins, oil adjuvant vaccine, Alum precipitate vaccine)
Brucella abortus- live,attenuated vaccine (eg:S19,RB51)

Pasteurella multocida serotype B is extracellular bacteria so it induces humoral immunity while Brucella abortus  is intracellular bacteria so it induces CMI.

Strains 19 for is only for young animals but not for adult.
RB51 can cause infection in human.

Conventional diagnostic method is preferred to be used to detect bacteria because it is faster with higher sensitivity and require less work. Example is PCR which require specific primer for each bacteria.]]> 2019-11-05 13:55:52 UTC https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406836573 https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406855410 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a picornavirus that causes an acute vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. This virus continues to be threat to livestock worldwide with outbreaks causing severe economic losses.

Humoral immunity is used to fight off extracellular antigens such as virus and parasite.




]]> 2019-11-05 14:23:56 UTC https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/406855410 https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/407315885 1. What are the most efficient diagnostic assays that can be used to diagnose FMD?

2. By comparing between cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, which one of those is the most important type of immunity in the clearance of the infectious agent?

3. What is Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) and how to achieve DIVA strategy in FMDV vaccination?

4. Why DIVA is important?]]> 2019-11-06 08:39:21 UTC https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/407315885 https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/407319128 1. Lists of diagnostic test:
- Complement fixation test
- ELISA
- PCR
- Cell culture
- Pen side test
Each of the diagnostic test have its own advantages and disadvantages. But the most important criteria to determine the most efficient diagnostic test to be used is based on the aim of test that to be conducted. For example, by using DIVA strategy, serological test need to be done to detect the Ab against NSP so the most efficient one will be ELISA.  

2. For virus infection, both cell-mediated (CMI) and humoral immunity play an important role in the clearance of the infectious agent but the most important type of immunity will be CMI.

3. DIVA is a diagnostic strategy that can be used to differentiate between infected and uninfected animals in vaccinated population. DIVA vaccine is being produced by removing the non-structural protein (NSP) during the vaccine production. When there is outbreak of FMD, serological test like ELISA is being conducted and the positive result of Ab production against NSP can be used as and indicator of infection and not vaccination.

4. DIVA is important to maintain effective surveillance during outbreak and to reduce the spread of the disease by killing the infected animals only. It is also important to reduce the economic loss  in a densely populated livestock area.]]> 2019-11-06 08:50:29 UTC https://padlet.com/kongsinlin/88hqt8yueio/wish/407319128