https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc Made with a quick smile en-us 2021-11-03 05:57:27 UTC 2023-08-15 05:09:00 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f416.png farraila0303 https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1863789877 What is water?
Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients.

Water requirement for pig
- water source should be clean, microbial contamination free and accesible all the time. (ad-libitum)
- 2kg to 3kg of water for per kg of dry feed.
- lactating sows has higher water intake due to high water content of milk produced. ( water restriction may decrease milk production and performance, maybe fatal under severe restriction)
- Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) should be less than 1000 ppm.

Function
- controls metabolic function.
- regulate body temperature.
- transport nutrients to body tissues.
- promotes milk production.
- removes metabolic wastes from body.
- aids growth and production.


]]> 2021-11-03 06:09:52 UTC https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1863789877 farraila0303 https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1863790050 minerals is an essential nutrient that influence growth which keeps pig healthy and productive.

classification of minerals
1. macro-minerals : minerals that is require in larger quantities which are important in pig's diet. Such as : calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and sulfur

2. micro-minerals : minerals that are needed in small amount in pig's diet to make sure animals is healthy. Such as : iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, and cobalt. 

]]> 2021-11-03 06:10:01 UTC https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1863790050 farraila0303 https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1863791055 Vitamins are a group of substances that are needed for normal cell function, growth, and development.

1. Fat soluble
~ Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's liver, fatty tissue, and muscles.
~ These vitamins are absorbed more easily by the body in the presence of dietary fat.

2. Water soluble
~ Not stored in the body. 
~ Any leftover or excess amounts of these leave the body through the urine. 
~ The exception to this is vitamin B12, which can be stored in the liver for many years.
~ The water soluble vitamins routinely added to all swine diets include niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin and vitamin B.
~  In addition, biotin, choline and folic acid routinely are added to diets for breeding swine. ]]> 2021-11-03 06:10:48 UTC https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1863791055 farraila0303 https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1872897630 1. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002399.htm
2. https://animalscience.unl.edu/Extension/Swine/swinenutrition.pdfhttps://animalscience.unl.edu/Extension/Swine/swinenutrition.pdfhttps://animalscience.unl.edu/Extension/Swine/swinenutrition.pdfhttps://animalscience.unl.edu/Extension/Swine/swinenutrition.pdf
3. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-pigs/nutritional-requirements-of-pigs#v3324736
4. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-pigs/nutritional-diseases-of-pigs
5. https://porkgateway.org/resource/trace-minerals-and-vitamins-for-swine-diets/
6. https://porkgateway.org/resource/macro-minerals-for-swine-diets/]]> 2021-11-07 15:10:56 UTC https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1872897630 https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1875091114 VITAMIN A

• Essential for swine vision, reproduction, growth and maintenance of epithelial tissue, and mucous secretions. 
• Vitamin A are found in their food ( yellow corn, green plant material ) as carotenoid precursors. 

VITAMIN D

• Necessary for proper bone growth and ossification.
• Some of the vitamin D requirement can be met by exposing pigs to direct sunlight for a short period each day. 
• For this vitamin, 1 IU is equivalent to 0.025 mg of cholecalciferol ( Vitamin D3 ) 
• The estimated vitamin D requirement of 200 IU/kg for gestating and lactating sows was increased to 800 IU/kg.

VITAMIN E

• Serve as natural antioxidant in feedstuffs. 
• Vitamin E is required by pigs of all ages and is closely interrelated with selenium.
• Vitamin E requirement is 11–16 IU/kg of diet for growing pigs and 44 IU/kg for sows. 

VITAMIN K

• Necessary to maintain normal blood clotting.
• The requirement for vitamin K is low, 0.5 mg/kg of diet.

]]> 2021-11-08 13:52:50 UTC https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1875091114 https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1875329920 VITAMIN K

• If not enough vitamin K, hemorrhages have been reported in newborn as well as growing pigs. So, supplemental vitamin K is recommended at 2 mg/kg of diet as a preventive measure.

VITAMIN A

• Deficiency of vitamin A results in disturbances of the eyes and the epithelial tissues of the respiratory, reproductive, nervous, urinary, and digestive systems.
• Herniation of the spinal cord in fetal pigs is unique sign of deficiency of vitamin A in pregnant sow.
• Growing pigs with less vitamin A show incoordination and develop night blindness and respiratory disorders
• Vitamin A deficiency is rare because of the ability of the liver to store this vitamin.

VITAMIN D

• Rickets, stiffness, weak and bent bones, and posterior paralysis

RIBOFLAVIN

• Reproduction is impaired; postpubertal gilts fail to cycle but show no other clinical signs
• The stillborn pigs have very little hair, often are partially resorbed, and may have enlarged forelegs
• Growing pigs fed diets low in riboflavin gain weight slowly and have a poor appetite, a rough coat, an exudate on the skin, and possibly cataracts

CHOLINE

• Incoordination and an abnormal shoulder conformation. 
• At necropsy, they may have fatty livers and usually show kidney damage
• Sows deficient in choline have reduced litter size and may give birth to spraddle-legged pigs.

VITAMIN B12

• Hyperirritability, voice failure, and pain and incoordination in the hindquarters
• Histologic examination of the bone marrow reveals an impaired hematopoietic system

]]> 2021-11-08 14:58:21 UTC https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1875329920 https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1875343613 RIBOFLAVIN

• Constituent of two important enzyme systems involved with carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
• Sources from green forage, milk by-products, brewer’s yeast, legume meals, and some fermentation and distillery by-products.

NIACIN ( NICOTINIC ACID )

• A component of coenzymes involved with metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein.
• Pigs can convert excess tryptophan to niacin, but the conversion is inefficient. 
• Natural resources of niacin is from fish and animal byproducts.
• Niacin requirement to 30 ppm during all phases of growth.

PANTHOTANIC ACID

• A component of coenzyme A, an important enzyme in energy metabolism.

VITAMIN B12

• Contains cobalt and has numerous important metabolic functions.

THIAMINE

• It is of little practical significance for swine because grains and other feed ingredients supply ample amounts to meet the requirement in pigs. 

VITAMIN B6

• Important in amino acid metabolism. 
• The requirement for vitamin B₆ in young pigs (5–25 kg). 

CHOLINE

• Essential for the normal functioning of all tissues. Pigs can synthesize some choline from methionine in the diet.
• Choline chloride, which is 75% choline, is the common form of supplemental choline used in feeds. 
• If choline is added as a supplement to sow diets, it should not be combined with other vitamins in a premix, especially if trace minerals are present, because choline chloride is hygroscopic and destroys some of the activity of vitamin A and other less stable vitamins. [ Precaution !! ]

]]> 2021-11-08 15:02:24 UTC https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1875343613 https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1880436216 Macro-minerals
calcium :  helps in development and maintaining the well being of skeletal system which include blood clotting, muscle contraction and other regulatory functions. calcium is also found 99%- 96% in pig skeletal system.

phosphorus : important in keeping proper skeletal growth, mineralization and also cellular functions. phosphorus also serve (ATP)  in every cell body. phosphorus also helps in enzyme activation and the initiation of protein synthesis. phosphorus are found 75% in the body skeletal of a pig and 25% in soft tissue.

sodium and chloride : they helps in transfer nutrient across cell membranes, regulate pH of the body, balancing the water level and also helps digestion. sodium chloride serves the principal of extracellular cation and anion in the body.

potassium : potassium helps in nerve muscle function, electrolyte balance and is a part of sodium-potassium pump in many cells. potassium also helps in ammonium ion excretion in kidney, regulating the heart rate and also preventing tetany in skeletal muscle.

magnesium : is involve mineral make up of bone and is also a co-factor in several enzymes. several enzymes that are involve with glucose and energy metabolism and protein synthesis require magnesium to work. the pig require magnesium in their diet and a typical feed which provide magnesium.

Micro-minerals
iron : iron helps in the synthesis of hemoglobin that transports oxygen in red blood cells, myoglobin in muscle tissue and iron-containing enzymes.

zinc : zinc plays role in proper function of many enzyme and essential for normal skin development and maintenance and reproduction.

iodine : helps in thyroid hormone.

selenium : a component of many enzyme that protect call contents and membranes against oxidative damage which also a component of other body protein.

copper : is required for the function of several enzymes and also helps in enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract and iron mobilization from stores in the liver. it also helps in stimulate growth in weaning pigs.

manganese : manganese is necessary for the proper function of a number of enzymes, some of which influence energy metabolism, bone development, and reproduction




]]> 2021-11-10 05:47:34 UTC https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1880436216 https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1880461963 macro-minerals
calcium : improper bone growth, reduce bone strength, lameness, and under extreme deficiency pig can have very poor growth. in piglet, calcium deficiency can cause rickets. and to preserves milk production the sow may depleted her bone and cause the bone to break easily and brittle while moving and else.

phosphorus : immediate depressing effect on appetite growth rate, and feed deficiency.

sodium and chloride : reduction in rate and efficiency of growth. too much salt consumed can cause dehydration. salt toxicity can be seen through nervousness, weakness, staggering, epileptic seizures, paralysis and maybe death.

Micro-minerals
iron : iron deficiency can cause anemia in young pigs. which also include pale mucous membranes and skin colour in white-skinned pigs, enlarged heart, spasmodic breathing after exercise (thumps), low hemoglobin and the decreasing in resistance to certain bacteria infection. excess iron can also be toxic to pigs by producing incoordination, nervousness and also convulsions.

zinc : zinc deficiency can cause rough, scaly, cracked skin which called parakeratosis. loss of appetite, poor growth, and impaired sexual development. zinc toxicity can cause depression, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, joint, bone problem and also hemorrhages.

iodine : weakness, hairlessness, thick pulpy skin, goiter and death.

selenium : sudden death (particularly in fast-growing weaned pigs), unusually pale muscle and dystrophy of muscle (white muscle disease), liver necrosis, mulberry heart, impaired reproduction, and edema of the mesentery of the spiral colon, lungs, pericardial sac, and gastrointestinal tissues.

copper : copper deficiency can reduce growth, nervous diorders, incoordination, defective bone formation, heart enlargement, and small hemoglobin deficient red blood cell. copper toxicity can also cause impaired growth, anemia, jaundice, and sudden death
 
manganese : manganese deficiency include impaired growth, lameness, enlarged hocks, crooked and shortened legs, irregular estrus, poor mammary development and lactational performance, and the birth of small, weak pigs with an impaired sense of balance.

]]> 2021-11-10 06:05:48 UTC https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1880461963 https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1885298085 1. BR20110002 NUR FARAHILA BINTI MOHD RAHMAN
2. BR20160101 SHIVANESSH A/L BAISKARAN
3. BR20110018 NUR FAZLIN NABILA BINTI MOHD FIRDAUS FOO]]> 2021-11-11 23:49:38 UTC https://padlet.com/farraila0303/87s3ec8m94erlsdc/wish/1885298085