Kwame Ture (formerly known as Stokely Carmichael) explained black identity best in is co-authored book with Charles Hamilton Black Power –The Politics of Liberation: “We shall have to struggle for the right to create our own terms through which to define ourselves and our relationship to the society, and to have these terms recognized.” [vide scholarship post].

Garveyism resonated with the rapidly urbanizing black community and spread beyond the United States to the Caribbean, Latin America and Africa. Garvey’s UNIA promised black economic uplift via self-reliance, political equality via self-determination, and the “liberation of Africa from European colonialism via a Black army marching under the Red, Black, and Green flag of Black manhood.”  The UNIA became an organization of millions.  When Garvey bellowed, “I am the equal of any white man [and] I want you to feel the same way,” he inspired the faithful and attracted the curious.  Addressing the gender question Garvey wrote, “Black queen of beauty, thou hast given color to the world…Black men worship at thy virginal shrine of purest love…!”  Garvey even created a new black faith by ordaining Reverend George Alexander McGuire as Chaplain General of the African Orthodox Church. McGuire’s sermons urged Garveyites to “Erase the white gods from your hearts.”

At the 1920 UNIA International Convention at Madison Square Garden, with twenty five thousand delegates and observers in attendance, Garvey issued the Declaration of Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World.  The convention also produced the Universal Ethiopian Anthem.  The Negro World, the official newspaper of the UNIA, also spread the organization’s philosophy globally.  With a circulation of over 200,000 and published in three languages, Spanish and French as well as English, the Negro World was read on four continents.

Garvey’s most ambitious effort was the establishment of the Black Star Steamship Line. Garvey hoped that this joint stock corporation would develop lucrative commercial networks between the United States, the Caribbean, and the continent of Africa.  He also hoped that his three ships would help in the return of millions of blacks in the “Diaspora” to Mother Africa.  However, because of heavy debt and mismanagement, the steamship line went bankrupt and Garvey in January 1922 was arrested and charged with using the US Mail to defraud stock investors.

Ultimately, Garvey garnered the wrath of African American leaders when he met with the Ku Klux Klan leader, Edward Young Clark in Richmond, Virginia in June 1922.  Garvey naively believed the two organizations could work together since they both supported the goal of racial purity.  Clark in fact did promise some financial assistance for the UNIA.  After hearing of this meeting, however, the NAACP leader, W.E.B. DuBois, called Garvey the greatest enemy of the Negro race. The Urban League called Garvey a “swindler” and black union leader A. Philip Randolph said that Garvey and Garveyism should be purged from American soil.

Various civil rights organizations now mounted a coordinated “Garvey Must Go” campaign.  The Justice Department, seeking to discredit Garvey because it felt he represented a threat to colonial interest and menaced racial peace in the US, hired its first black agent, James Wormley Jones, to infiltrate the UNIA. Garvey was convicted of mail fraud in 1923 and sentenced to five years in federal prison.  In part, because of a letter writing campaign orchestrated by Garvey’s second wife, Amy Jacques Garvey, President Calvin Coolidge commuted his sentence in 1927 in exchange for the UNIA President accepting deportation.  Garvey spent his last years in Jamaica trying to revive his political fortunes and eventually died in London, England in 1940, never having set foot on African soil.

https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/black-power/black-panthers#easley

By the Middlebury Institute of International Studies

Cassius Clay was born in Louisville, Kentucky and began boxing at the age of 12 and became a professional boxer. He later won gold in light heavyweight boxing in the 1960 Summer Olympics. In 1964, he changed his name to how he is more known as now, Muhammad Ali, calling his old name a "slave name". Ali was drafted to the military in 1967 but refused and put to court, he did not go to prison but didn't return to boxing until 1970. When Ali returned, he was less agile and was pretty rusty but soon got back into the swing of things. His final record was 56 wins, 5 losses, and 37 knockouts. He had a movie and documentary made about him and was a topic on the show "docuseries" on Netflix. Ali also had nine kids and one of his daughters became a professional boxer in his footsteps.

- Charlie W

From Primerus, by tom curvy, article Cassius clay (Muhammad Ali)

-Hannah L.

-Clara Lapsa

he became a professional heavyweight boxer, called by some "the Greatest". he fought Sonny Liston, in that fight that would later be described as "one of the most controversial fights in sports history". Cassius clay died on June 3, 2016.

Keegan

-Clara Lapsa

Cassius clay was one of the greatest boxers of all time. he was born january 17 1942 and died on june 3 2016. he changed his to Muhhamad Ali later in his life

Clay said 'Something We Had Never Heard Before, In Any ...

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