controls entry and exit of material

• Nuclear pore: allows large molecules passage

• Nucleolus: manufacture rRNA

• provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins

• provide a pathway for the transport of materials

• synthesis, storing, and transport of lipids and carbohydrates

Glucose -> Glycolysis -> 2 Pyruvate Acid -> 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH

Product: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP (net gain*), 2 NADH

Site: Cytoplasm (Outside of Mitochondrion & not an organelle)

Conditions: With Oxygen Supply,

Pyruvate -with coenzyme A -> Acetyl CoA

+ CO2

Product Acetyl CoA & CO2

*Please note that Acetyl CoA will later be used in the Krebs Cycle in Mitochondrion. *

Extra Knowledge Point:

Conditions: Without Oxygen Supply,

Anaerobic respiration: Fermentation -> Ethanol (Yeast/Plant Cells) // Lactate / lactic acid (Muscle Cells/ lactic acid bacteria)

Krebs Cycle Reaction:

1. Acetyl CoA (2C) + 4C Compound (oxaloacetate)-> 6C Compound (Citrate)

2. Citrate Isocitrate (Isomer of Citrate) -> 5C Molecule + CO2 + NADH

Product: CO2 + NADH

(NAD+ being reduced by H+)

3. 5C Compound (a-ketoglutarate) -> 4C Copmound + CO2 + NADH+ ATP + FADH

Product: 4C Compound (fumarate) ,CO2, NADH, ATP, FADH

(NAD+ being reduced by H+)

(ATP convert from ADP)

(FADH being converted from FAD, during the above process)

Regeneration of 4C Compound:

4. 4C Compound (fumarate) -> 4C Compound (malate)

5. 4C Compound (malate) → 4C Compound (oxaloacetate) + NADH

Product: 4C Compound ( oxalocetate), NADH

[Regeneration of this Compound via oxidation of malate & NAD+ is reduced to NADH by H+]

After 1 Cycle Is Completed:

Total Number of Desired Products:

ATP: 1

FADH: 1

NADH: 3

CO2: 2

---------------------------------Thus after the cycle has been completed twice:

We will have:

2 ATP, 2 FADH, 6 NADH, 4CO2

Site: Inner Membrane of Mitochondrion// Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Producing ATP by converting all FADH & NADH

Total Number of ATP, FADH, NADH produced throughout the anaerobic respiration up till the Krebs Cycle:

Glycolysis:

* Glucose (6C) -> 2x Pyruvate (3C) *

* 2x Pyruvate ->

Per Acetyl CoA:

2 ATP

2NADH

Draft/ notes dont show: Will delete by me, thanks

https://www.tuttee.co/blog/hkdse-biology-aerobic-respiration

Final Stage of Aerobic Respiration:

All FADH/ FADH2 and NADH will be converted to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

As the name included, "Oxidative" Thus oxygen is required for this process.

Quick Recap:

I will edit this later.

Lysosomes are part of the body's defense mechanism. It contains digestive enzymes which can digest bacteria.

Fun Fact: The enzyme is called hydrolytic enzymes.

Role I: Destroy and Digest Pathogens such as bacteria & viruses.

Role II: Aid breaking down & disposal of waste products. E.g. Bacterial / Viral DNA, Worn-out cell parts & debris, proteins, nucleic acids (stores genetic info. ) & Sugar (Could be excess), Carbohydrates & Lipids and so on.

Role III: Cholesterol Transport (Requires Transport Proteins)

There are many more roles played by Lysosomes. The aforementioned roles

Role IV: Detoxication

For further information, please visit:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5201012/