sports development officers who are about to engage in a 6-week programme of exercise with various minority groups in the community. by https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha en-us 2022-11-07 11:31:10 UTC 2022-11-21 16:41:45 UTC hello@padlet.com 1) Intellectual Disability k00282967 https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2379033074 caracentre.ie (no date)Intellectual Disability is described as having a “substantially diminished ability to grasp new or complicated information and to learn or apply new skills” by the World Health Organization (WHO) (impaired intelligence). This starts before adulthood and affects development permanently reducing one’s capacity to deal independently (impaired social functioning).  ]]> 2022-11-10 17:41:11 UTC https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2379033074 2) Historical Perspectives on intellectual disabilities k00282967 https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392509031 (N.D) The face of intellectual disability services has changed over time. People with intellectual disabilities have been stigmatized, feared, persecuted, and frequently mistreated throughout history. Not until the middle to the end of the 19th century did a more supportive attitude toward those with intellectual disabilities started to emerge about this period. The terms “idiots,” “feebleminded,” and “retarded” were widely used to describe people with intellectual disabilities. The issue about categorizing and naming people’s conditions still rages in discussions today. The term “intellectual and developmental disabilities” has only lately replaced the word “mental retardation” in America usage.  ]]> 2022-11-21 12:14:40 UTC https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392509031 3) Prevalence of Mental Health Problems in People with Intellectual Disability Psychiatric Disorder k00282967 https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392510137 Despite a dramatic increase in recent years, research on the prevalence of mental health concerns among people with intellectual impairments and the risk factors for acquiring psychiatric disorders is limited and usually conflicting. ]]> 2022-11-21 12:15:40 UTC https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392510137 4) Definition k00282967 https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392511667 Inflammation and neuropsychiatric illnesses (such as mood disorders) are connected and may even be powered by one another in a bidirectional cycle. Inflammation encourages depression and other neuropsychiatric illnesses, while sadness increases inflammatory responses. All the essential characteristics of inflammation are present in patients with neuropsychiatric illnesses, including elevated levels of circulating inflammatory inducers, activated sensors, and inflammatory mediators that affect all organs. These illnesses’ biology and clinical development may be influenced by inflammation. It is important to remember that proinflammatory cytokines affect mood, behavior, and cognition by lowering brain monoamine levels, triggering neuroendocrine responses, encouraging excitotoxicity (increasing glutamate levels), and limiting brain plasticity. ]]> 2022-11-21 12:16:58 UTC https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392511667 5) Prevalence: k00282967 https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392517036 Authors concur that people with intellectual disabilities are at high risk of developing serious mental illnesses, and there is wide variation in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in this population. This is because it can be challenging to diagnose a mental illness in people with intellectual disabilities. This difference is mostly related to the challenges involved in simultaneously diagnosing mental illnesses and intellectual disabilities. An adult population with an intellectual disability receiving treatment at the Psychiatric unit of Mental Development (UPDM) in Geneva is the subject of the current study, which seeks to determine the relationship between the severity of intellectual disability and the prevalence of psychiatric and somatic disorders in this population.
Method: The current study is based on an examination of all ambulatory UPDM patients who received treatment in March 2008 and their medical records. This population has at least a dual diagnosis of mental illness and intellectual disability.
results: Data indicate that 59.1% of the entire population suffers from behavioral disorders. This percentage rises with the severity of intellectual disability because it is higher in those with severe and profound intellectual disability (79.7%). Additionally, psychiatric illnesses are present in 48.3% of the sample, and this rate is more significant in people with modest intellectual disabilities (59.5%). Development coordination disorders are the most common psychiatric diagnosis connected to intellectual impairment (27.4%), and their prevalence is higher in the severe and profound intellectual disability level (66.1%).
Conclusion: The severity of intellectual disability reduces the overall prevalence of all psychiatric diseases. These results support previous research that shows people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities have a decreased prevalence of psychiatric problems. Our findings also show that the overall prevalence of all illnesses rises as intellectual disability severity increases, which is consistent with the literature since several authors highlight the existence of numerous illnesses connected to intellectual disability. Overall, our findings are encouraging and point to a development in the definition of more exact diagnostic techniques. © 2017 APA, all rights reserved. PsycINFO Database Record) ]]> 2022-11-21 12:21:26 UTC https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392517036 6) Physical Activity k00282967 https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392619979  Weyerer, S. and Kupfer, B. (2012) Low-intensity exercises hold significant potential psychological advantages for those who are just starting to exercise, the very unfit, the elderly, and those with psychiatric problems. According to a few studies, engaging in low or moderate-intensity exercise can help with mental health. ]]> 2022-11-21 13:43:39 UTC https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392619979 7) works cited k00282967 https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392633526 Intellectual disability fact sheet - caracentre.ie (no date). Available at: https://caracentre.ie/wpcontent/uploads/2019/02/Intellectual-Disability-Fact-Sheet.pdf (Accessed: November 21, 2022). 

Historical Perspectives of Intellectual Disabilities (no date) FutureLearn. Available at:https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/health-assessment/0/steps/42764 (Accessed: November 21, 2022). 

Assessment of mental health problems in people with intellectual ... (no date). Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Helen-Costello-2/publication/6469245_Assessment_of_mental_health_problems_in_people_with_intellectual_disabilities/links/54be52f60cf218da9391e4a3/Assessment-of-mental-health-problems-in-people-with-intellectual-disabilities.pdf (Accessed: November 20, 2022).   

Bauer - The New York Academy of Sciences - Wiley Online Library (no date). Available at: https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nyas.13712 (Accessed: November 20, 2022). 

Apa PsycNet (no date) American Psychological Association. American Psychological Association. Available at: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-06935-004 (Accessed: November 20, 2022). 

Weyerer, S. and Kupfer, B. (2012) Physical exercise and psychological health - sports medicine, SpringerLink. Springer International Publishing. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00007256-199417020-00003 (Accessed: November 21, 2022). 
 
]]> 2022-11-21 13:52:38 UTC https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392633526 1)Anxiety k00282967 https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392732287 Anxiety can be prevalent in the life of someone who suffers with an intellectual disability or a physical disability. An anxiety disorder can be defined as “ anxiety is a future-oriented mood state associated with preparation for possible, upcoming negative events” Craske, M.G. et al. (2011). There can be many symptoms of anxiety these including worry, tension and avoidance.]]> 2022-11-21 14:54:38 UTC https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392732287 2) Anxiety and intellectual disability k00282967 https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392734820 Anxiety can affect people of all ages however it can be largely seen amongst the older population and teenagers. With the increase in life expectancy it has also resulted in an increase in age related intellectual disability’s among the older population. Anxiety is between 2.5% and 5.7% more prevalent in the life of an Older people who suffers with intellectual disabilities. Hermans et al. (2013). Anxiety is more commonly seen in older adults with intellectual disabilities than young people with disabilities and also older people without intellectual disabilities. The biopsychosocial model plays a role in the level of anxiety amongst older people with intellectual disabilities. The higher rate of anxiety amongst older people may be related to their longstanding impairments and disabilities. Social isolation also plays a large role, older people may be grieving the loss of a friend or a loved one and also less frequent visits from family members is also a contributing factor. Bond, L. et al. (2022). Many older people don’t seek help when diagnosed with anxiety due to their lack of understand surrounding the issue.

There is a large correlation between anxiety and physical disabilities  this is especially true in relation to young teens who suffer with physical disabilities. Young people with physical disabilities have a much higher result of self-esteem and social anxiety than a person of the same age who does not have a physical disability  Demirel, H. (2019).  People of all ages who suffer with anxiety and physical disabilities are also reported to have a decreased quality of life. Atasoy, T. and Pekel, A. (2021). Young people with physical disabilities may have anxiety due to bullying or exclusion received in school in their local community. Children with disabilities benefit from being in a school environment that promotes inclusion however it also leads to a greater chance of social isolation and peer-rejection. Many students with physical disabilities suffer from anxiety and struggle with social skills due to this social isolation. Young, J. et al. (2012). Young people avoid seeking help when diagnosed due to the fear of an increased level of bullying, isolation and exclusion.]]> 2022-11-21 14:56:15 UTC https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392734820 3) physical exercise k00282967 https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392735590 There are many potential benefits of physical activity for people with both physical and intellectual disabilities tat suffer with anxiety. One of the main benefits for people suffering with anxiety is social inclusion. By taking part in physical activities people get to spend time with others and get to feel like a member of the community again. For others partaking in physical activity can be a great way for them to express themselves and fell accepted for who they are. Callow, D.D. et al. (2020). Studies have shown that people who suffer with anxiety have a very positive affect from physical activity that is done outdoors in a natural environment. Wicks, C. et al. (2022)]]> 2022-11-21 14:56:42 UTC https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392735590 Works cited k00282967 https://padlet.com/k00282967/84ditjsbzsgaayha/wish/2392739004 Callow, D.D. et al. (2020) ‘The Mental Health Benefits of Physical Activity in Older Adults Survive the COVID-19 Pandemic’, The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(10), pp. 1046–1057. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.06.024.

Craske, M.G. et al. (2011) What is an anxiety disorder?, FOCUS. Available at:https://focus.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/foc.9.3.foc369 (Accessed: November 20, 2022). 


Bond, L. et al. (2020) ‘Biopsychosocial factors associated with depression and anxiety in older adults with intellectual disability: results of the wave 3 Intellectual Disability Supplement to The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing’, Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR, 64(5), pp. 368–380. doi:10.1111/jir.12724.


Demirel, H. (2019) ‘Social Appearance Anxiety and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scores in Young Physical Disabled Athletes’, Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(3), pp. 664–667. Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=eric&AN=EJ1207730&scope=site (Accessed: 21 November 2022).


Atasoy, T. and Pekel, A. (2021) ‘The Relationship between Quality of Life Level and Social Appearance Anxiety Level of Physically Handicapped Boccia Athletes’, Physical Educator, 78(1), pp. 1–10. Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=eric&AN=EJ1293159&scope=site (Accessed: 21 November 2022).


Wicks, C. et al. (2022) ‘Psychological benefits of outdoor physical activity in natural versus urban environments: A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies’, Applied psychology. Health and well-being, 14(3), pp. 1037–1061. doi:10.1111/aphw.12353.

Young, J. et al. (2012) Bullying and Students with Disabilities: A Briefing Paper from the National Council on Disability, National Council on Disability. National Council on Disability. Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=eric&AN=ED528255&scope=site (Accessed: 21 November 2022).
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