https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj en-us 2022-10-11 23:20:32 UTC 2026-01-30 06:27:49 UTC hello@padlet.com mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336072878 - A relatively permanent change in behaviour (or behaviour potential) due to experience.
- Learning is dependent in memory.
- Temporary changes in behaviour caused by motivation, disease, injury or drugs and therefore not considered to be the result of learning]]> 2022-10-11 23:24:43 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336072878 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336074015 - The ability to modify neural circuitry to meet the demands of experiences. The brain can be moulded throughout lifespan as a result of experience and learning. ]]> 2022-10-11 23:26:01 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336074015 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336074959 -Describes the malleability of the brain and NS, allowing the brain to be reorganised in response to experiences over a lifetime.
e.g. of neural plasticity include; 
-playing instrument
- learning to drive
- learning to read and write]]> 2022-10-11 23:27:33 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336074959 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336076711 - Ability to the synapse to change over time.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) - growth/formation of new synaptic connections that strengthen the synapse.

Long-term depression (LTD) - disuse of synaptic connections that weaken or eliminate the synapse.]]> 2022-10-11 23:30:10 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336076711 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336077732 2022-10-11 23:31:43 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336077732 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336078518 - The increase in synaptic strength through high frequency stimulation of the synaptic pathway between the pre and post-synaptic neuron.
- Both neurons are likely to fire in the future when stimulated by smaller amounts of energy.]]> 2022-10-11 23:32:59 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336078518 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336081098 The hippocampus, which plays a major role in some forms of memory and in spatial learning.]]> 2022-10-11 23:34:14 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336081098 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336082132 - Post-synaptic cell becomes more sensitive to glutamate = produces more receptor sites to bind to it. This means that action potential can now be achieved with a much smaller amount of glutamate than previously needed.]]> 2022-10-11 23:35:43 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336082132 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336082901 Glutamate (excitatory NT) is released from the pre-synaptic neuron, and plays an important role in learning and memory.]]> 2022-10-11 23:36:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336082901 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336083002 2022-10-11 23:36:50 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336083002 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336084179 - The long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic transmission due to low intensity stimulation.

]]> 2022-10-11 23:38:25 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336084179 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336084552 - LTD occurs if the message being sent from the pre-synaptic neuron is consistently weak (less glutamate is released).]]> 2022-10-11 23:38:57 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336084552 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336085486 Post-synaptic neuron becomes less responsive to glutamate released by the pre-synaptic neuron. There is a reduction in the number of receptor sites.]]> 2022-10-11 23:40:02 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336085486 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336086510 LTD is important because it helps to weaken/prune back unused synapses of those that are not stimulated, making the brain more efficient. ]]> 2022-10-11 23:41:15 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336086510 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336088541 - Chemicals produced by the endocrine system that regulate growth, sexual development, function, metabolism and mood.
- Include adrenaline, cortisol,  insulin, and testosterone.]]> 2022-10-11 23:43:46 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336088541 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336089915 - Chemical messages released by neurons into the bloodstream. They target cells at specific sites, like a hormone.
- Not as fast acting as NTs.
- Includes adrenaline and cortisol.]]> 2022-10-11 23:45:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336089915 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336090118 2022-10-11 23:45:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336090118 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336091569 - Both send chemical messages from a neuron to a target neuron or cell.
- Both are manufactured by a neuron.
- Both are secreted by a neuron/from axon terminals. ]]> 2022-10-11 23:47:19 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336091569 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336092816 - NTs are released into the synapse., whereas neurohormones are released into the bloodstream.
- NTs travel short distances and have a faster effect.
- Neurohormones travel longer distances & their effect is slower.]]> 2022-10-11 23:48:58 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336092816 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336093619 2022-10-11 23:50:04 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336093619 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336095721 - Promotes growth and strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons within a neural pathway (which then represents the memory of what has been learned).
- Glutamate is an excitatory NT, therefore has a vital role in LTP and LTD.
- Generally, the more often that glutamate can excite an adjacent neuron, the more it contributes to LTP (and vice-versa for LTD).]]> 2022-10-11 23:52:39 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336095721 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336100666 - Consolidation of emotionally arousing experiences. The strength of memories of events varies with the emotional significance of the events.
- Emotionally arousing events are more likely to be remembered (but not necessarily more accurately).]]> 2022-10-11 23:56:49 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336100666 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336102293 - Involved in the fight-flight response.
- Involved in the consolidation of emotional and arousing memory.
- Can act as both a neurohormone and an NT.
- When functioning as NTs, they affect the storage of memories by activating the amygdala (area of the brain involved in the processing and storage of emotions, such as fear).]]> 2022-10-11 23:58:52 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336102293 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336104905 - A form of learning that occurs through the repeated association of 2 or more different stimuli.
- In CC, a response that is automatically produced by one stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus that would not normally produce this response.]]> 2022-10-12 00:02:24 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336104905 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336105959 2022-10-12 00:03:48 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336105959 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336107280 - The NS is any stimulus that does not elicit any specific response before learning/conditioning has occurred. 
- The NS eventually becomes the CS through conditioning.
- In Pavlov's experiment, the NS was a bell.

]]> 2022-10-12 00:05:21 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336107280 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336108756 - The UCS is any stimulus that consistently produces a particular, naturally occurring, automatic response.
- In Pavlov's experiment, the UCS was the food (meat powder).]]> 2022-10-12 00:07:03 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336108756 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336110045 The UCR is the response that occurs automatically when the UCS is presented. An UCR is a reflexive, involuntary response that is predictably caused by the UCS.
In Pavlov's experiment, the UCR was the salivation.]]> 2022-10-12 00:08:40 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336110045 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336112639 - The CS is the stimulus that is neutral at the start of the conditioning process and does not normally produce a UCR. Through repeated association with the UCS, the CS triggers a very similar response to that caused by the UCS.
- In Pavlov's experiment, the bell (NS) becomes the CS once conditioning has occurred, and the CS now produces the response of salivating. ]]> 2022-10-12 00:11:47 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336112639 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336116054 - The CR is the learned response that is produced by the CS. The CR occurs after the CS has been associated with the UCS.
- Pavlov's dogs displayed a CR (salivation) only when they began to salivate to a CS. When the dogs responded to a CS (sound of the bell), CC had taken place because salivation would not normally be the response to the sound of a bell. ]]> 2022-10-12 00:15:06 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336116054 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336117022 2022-10-12 00:16:04 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336117022 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336119060 The NS produces no relevant response; UCS elicits the UCR.]]> 2022-10-12 00:18:13 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336119060 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336119909 NS is repeatedly paired with the UCS to produce the UCR.]]> 2022-10-12 00:19:06 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336119909 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336121811 The NS becomes a CR; the CS produces a CR, which is usually similar to the previous UCR.]]> 2022-10-12 00:20:59 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336121811 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336122316 2022-10-12 00:21:28 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336122316 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336123384 - The overall process during which the organism learns to associate 2 events.
- The timing of the CS and UCS pairing is critical. Acquisition is more rapid when the CS occurs and remains until the UCS is presented.

]]> 2022-10-12 00:22:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336123384 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336347223 The tendency for another stimulus to produce a response that is similar to the CR. The greater similarity between stimuli, the greater possibility that a generalisation will occur.]]> 2022-10-12 03:35:00 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336347223 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336348121 Occurs when a person or animal responds to the CS only, not any other stimulus that is similar to the CS. ]]> 2022-10-12 03:35:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336348121 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336350412 The gradual decrease in strength or rate of a CR that occurs when the UCS is no longer presented. When a CR no longer occurs following presentation of the CS.]]> 2022-10-12 03:38:06 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336350412 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336352475 Extinction of a CR is not always permanent. In CC, spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a CR when the CS is presented, following a rest period after the CR appears to not have been extinguished.]]> 2022-10-12 03:40:04 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336352475 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336444836 2022-10-12 05:22:21 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336444836 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336445475 NS: white rat (elicited no fear response)
UCS: loud noise (hammer striking steel bar)
USC elicited UCR: fear response, violently started crying etc.]]> 2022-10-12 05:23:02 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336445475 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336447815 White rat (NS) presented on several occasions with the loud sound (UCS), which produced the child's fearful response (UCR)]]> 2022-10-12 05:25:35 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336447815 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336448951 Rat (now the CS) alone elicits the startled, fearful response (CR)]]> 2022-10-12 05:26:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336448951 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336451829 - Albert's mother left her job and Watson and Rayner reported that they were denied the opportunity to remove the conditioned emotional responses.
- Some believe Albert's mother may not have been fully aware of the experimental condition and the effect on her son (informed consent)]]> 2022-10-12 05:30:06 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336451829 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336453309 - Learning process in which the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated is determined by the consequences of that behaviour.
Uses - operant/voluntary behaviour - that is shaped by consequences that come after the behaviour.]]> 2022-10-12 05:31:49 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336453309 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336454755 2022-10-12 05:33:27 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336454755 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336456500 - Stimulus that comes before the response in the operant conditioning.
- Creates the conditions/environment that primes or signals the organism to behave in a particular way.]]> 2022-10-12 05:35:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336456500 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336458287 Response to the stimulus the organism makes/chooses because of the antecedent.
- Most operant responses are considered voluntary because the learner decides what their response will be. ]]> 2022-10-12 05:37:45 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336458287 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336459523 - Follows the behaviour.
- Type of outcome influences the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated or not in the future.
- Consequences can be pleasant or negative (or benign)

]]> 2022-10-12 05:39:15 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336459523 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336459772 2022-10-12 05:39:34 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2336459772 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338576119 2022-10-13 11:19:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338576119 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338576367 Aims to increase the frequency of a behaviour. Must be appropriate (desirable) for the learner of they will not produce the desired response.

]]> 2022-10-13 11:20:10 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338576367 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338576587 When a pleasant/desirable event follows a response and generally increases or strengthens the likelihood of that response occurring again.]]> 2022-10-13 11:20:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338576587 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338578097 Consequences can come in the form of reinforcement, punishment or no consequence.]]> 2022-10-13 11:21:46 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338578097 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338580521 When an unpleasant stimulus is removed, reduces or prevented which then creates a positive consequence (more likely you will repeat the behaviour).]]> 2022-10-13 11:23:59 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338580521 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338583464 2022-10-13 11:26:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338583464 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338584889 A response being followed by the introduction of an unpleasant stimulus (punisher) which decreases the likelihood of that response occurring again]]> 2022-10-13 11:27:58 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338584889 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338586145 Presentation/introduction of an undesirable stimulus, thereby decreasing/weakening the likelihood of a response occurring again.]]> 2022-10-13 11:29:02 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338586145 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338587875 The removal of a reinforcer or positive state of affairs (something valued by the person) following an undesirable response. Decreases the likelihood of this response occurring again.]]> 2022-10-13 11:30:24 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338587875 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338589462 - Timing: Punishment works best when it occurs at the same time or immediately after the response being made.
- Consistency: Punishment needs to occur every time the unwanted response occurs.]]> 2022-10-13 11:31:43 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338589462 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338592270 - It only tells a person/animal that a response is wrong, not what the correct response is.
- In a study of classroom discipline problems it was found that physical punishment, yelling and humiliation are generally ineffective in changing behaviour. Positive reinforcement, in the form of praise, approval and reward is much more likely to stop classroom discipline problems.

]]> 2022-10-13 11:34:06 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338592270 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338592641 2022-10-13 11:34:26 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338592641 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338594327 The tendency to respond to stimuli that is similar to stimuli that precede operant reinforcement.]]> 2022-10-13 11:35:46 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338594327 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338595652 The ability to differentiate between stimuli similar to the stimuli that signal reinforcement and non-reinforcement. ]]> 2022-10-13 11:36:53 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338595652 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338596692 When the learnt response gradually decreases in strength or rate of response after reinforcement stops. This process takes time and does not occur immediately. ]]> 2022-10-13 11:37:46 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338596692 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338599108 - Reappearance of a previously reinforced response after a period of apparent extinction (same as CC).
- Conditioned response will be weaker than the original conditioned response and will not continue for long if reinforcement is not given.

]]> 2022-10-13 11:39:50 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338599108 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338600487 Occurs when someone uses observation of a model's actions and the consequences of those actions to guide their future actions.]]> 2022-10-13 11:41:03 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338600487 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338600867 2022-10-13 11:41:18 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338600867 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338602970 - Paying attention to, or closely watching, a model's behaviour and the consequence.
- More likely to pay attention if; model is perceived positively,
 there are similarities between the observer and model, the model is attractive.]]> 2022-10-13 11:43:04 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338602970 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338604071 We need to store in memory a mental representation of that we have observed. Includes mental images, symbolic rehearsal, motor rehearsal. ]]> 2022-10-13 11:43:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338604071 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338605256 Reproducing/imitating what was observed. Must be capable of doing so.]]> 2022-10-13 11:44:57 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338605256 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338607038 - Must have the desire and want to reproduce what was observed.
- Unless the behavioural response is useful of provides an incentive/reward for the observer, it is unlikely they will want to learn it, perform it or continue to perform it. ]]> 2022-10-13 11:46:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338607038 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338607624 If the modelled behaviour is reinforced, this will motivate the person to repeat those actions.]]> 2022-10-13 11:46:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338607624 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338611330 An active information processing system that receives, stores, organises and recovers info.]]> 2022-10-13 11:49:46 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338611330 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338613517 - Encoding: converting info (sensory stimuli) to a useable form.
- Storage: retaining info in memory.
- Retrieval: info recovered from memory when needed.]]> 2022-10-13 11:51:38 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338613517 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338617372 The flow of info moves in stages through each component of memory as it is encoded, stored and retrieved. These levels are; sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). ]]> 2022-10-13 11:54:37 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338617372 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338618085 2022-10-13 11:55:11 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338618085 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338620427 2022-10-13 11:57:13 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338620427 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338623714 - Entry point of memory.
- Unlimited capacity to store all sensory stimuli.
- Not consciously aware of most of the info in sensory stage.
- Directing attention to sensory memory causes transfer to STM.
- Incoming stimuli is stored in different sensory registers based on the type of sense; iconic memory (visual), and echoic memory (auditory).]]> 2022-10-13 11:59:49 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338623714 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338625638 - Visual images stored here for about 0.2 - 0.4 seconds (duration).
- Stored as overlapping images.
- Allows perception of flowing movement (e.g. during a film).]]> 2022-10-13 12:01:17 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338625638 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338627292 - Sound stimuli stored here for around 3 - 4 seconds (duration). 
- Allows comprehension of speech by connection individual sounds coherently into words and sentences.]]> 2022-10-13 12:02:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338627292 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338632835 2022-10-13 12:07:08 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338632835 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338633535 - Stores a limited amount of info for a brief period (18 - 20 seconds, but can be up to 30 seconds), unless it is rehearsed.
- Holds all the thoughts, info and experiences you are aware of at any given point. 
- Receives info from sensory memory, and LTM.]]> 2022-10-13 12:07:39 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338633535 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338636452 When you encounter something new, e.g. distinctly coloured bird, all the info is registered in your sensory memory and sent to your STM. To give this info meaning, your STM starts to compare it to the existing info about birds you have gained from past experience and have stored in your LTM.

]]> 2022-10-13 12:09:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338636452 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338643036 - The number of pieces of info that can be stored in STM is 7 + or - 2 (between 5 and 9 items)
- Adding in more items or recalling info from LTM can displace items from STM.
- Chunking: A method of increasing the capacity of STM by grouping separate bits of info in a larger single chunk of info. Only similar info can be grouped together.
- Still only retain 7 + or - 2 chunks.]]> 2022-10-13 12:14:25 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338643036 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338643671 2022-10-13 12:14:52 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338643671 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338646274 - Capacity: vast, potentially unlimited.
- Duration: potentially permanent, and indefinite. Some info may be lost/inaccessible over time.]]> 2022-10-13 12:16:28 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338646274 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338679518 - Environmental cues (external) from the specific situation where a memory was formed that act as retrieval cues.
- Includes sounds, smells, sights, temperature.
- Forgetting may have occurred, but returning to a place can result in memories returning e.g. returning to a crime scene, re-tracing your steps.]]> 2022-10-13 12:37:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338679518 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338683542 - Associated with your internal physiological and/or psychological state when the memory was formed.

- Intrinsic retrieval cues: mood, anxiety levels, drug affected, intoxicated or sober.
- State dependant retrieval: better recall of info when the physiological/psychological states of learning an retrieval match.]]> 2022-10-13 12:40:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338683542 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338683931 2022-10-13 12:40:51 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338683931 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338685393 2022-10-13 12:41:25 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338685393 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338690457 - Info enters STM where it is stored for 18 - 20 seconds (up to 30) before it drops out, unless we do something with it.
- Rehearsal is consciously manipulating info to facilitate a longer duration in STM.
- Rehearsal increases the duration of STM beyond 30 seconds, meaning that there is more chance of transferring into to LTM.

]]> 2022-10-13 12:44:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338690457 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338690994 2022-10-13 12:44:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338690994 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338692772 Involves repeating (verbally and non-verbally) the info being remembered over and over again so that it can be retained in STM for longer than 30 seconds.]]> 2022-10-13 12:46:01 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338692772 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338695127 - Allows info to be stored in LTM for longer than the usual 18 - 20 seconds (up to 30).
- Good for remembering meaningless info.]]> 2022-10-13 12:46:50 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338695127 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338697192 - Easily interrupted by info entering STM or LTM.
- Does not add meaning to the info being remembered.
- Restricts entry of info of new info into STM]]> 2022-10-13 12:48:05 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338697192 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338697461 2022-10-13 12:48:16 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338697461 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338699634 The process of linking new info in a meaningful way with other info already stored in LTM to aid in storage and retrieval from LTM. Linking info to personal experience.]]> 2022-10-13 12:49:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338699634 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338701719 - Increases understanding because it requires deep processing.
- Adds more detail, which increases retrieval chances.
- Makes info more accessible because it creates more potential retrieval cues.]]> 2022-10-13 12:50:50 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338701719 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338703550 - Takes longer than maintenance rehearsal.
- Is difficult to practice in situations where info entering STM is rapidly changing.
- Requires more conscious effort than maintenance rehearsal.]]> 2022-10-13 12:52:00 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338703550 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338703775 2022-10-13 12:52:10 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338703775 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338707467 - Describes the differences in ability to recall items in a list depending on their position in that list.

- For immediate recall (after the list is read out) typically:
items at end of list are best recalled, followed by items at start of list, then items in middle of list are least likely to be recalled.

 - For delayed recall (30 sec. after list is read out) typically;
items at start of list are best recalled, and items at the end/middle of list are least likely to be recalled.]]> 2022-10-13 12:54:28 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338707467 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338712204 - Superior recall of items at the end of the list (most recently experienced), compared to the middle or start of list.
- Words at the end of the list are still in STM, therefore easier to retrieve.]]> 2022-10-13 12:57:18 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338712204 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338715203 - After delayed recall (after 30 seconds), there is superior recall of items at the start of the list, then items at the middle/end of list.
- Believed to occur because the first items on the list are entering the STM.]]> 2022-10-13 12:59:13 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2338715203 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339790241 - The sheer volume of info in LTM requires cues to speed up the process of retrieval. 
- Cues enable retrieval of specific info, not the entire contents of LTM.]]> 2022-10-14 03:51:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339790241 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339791286 Once retrieved, info is stored in STM until no longer needed/in use.
- It is then transferred back into LTM.]]> 2022-10-14 03:53:25 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339791286 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339792222 - Usually due to poor organisation during encoding and storage, or inappropriate cue(s) used during retrieval. 
- Info is encoded in terms of it's meaning (semantically)]]> 2022-10-14 03:54:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339792222 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339792353 2022-10-14 03:54:54 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339792353 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339794479 Memory without awareness
- Aka procedural memory.
- Knowing how to do things - actions and activities.
- Usually learnt through observation and practice.
- Not consciously recalled - operates automatically.
- Includes procedural memory and classically conditioned memory.]]> 2022-10-14 03:57:18 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339794479 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339795426 - Sector of implicit memory.
- Motor skills and actions]]> 2022-10-14 03:58:23 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339795426 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339796078 - Sector of implicit memory.
- Conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli.]]> 2022-10-14 03:59:12 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339796078 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339797266 Memory with awareness
- Memories of facts and/or personally significant events.
- Usually consciously recalled.
- There are two types of explicit memory; episodic memory and semantic memory.]]> 2022-10-14 04:00:48 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339797266 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339800083 - Sector of explicit memory.
- Memory of time and place.
- specific events of personal experiences.
- Includes references to "when" and "where."]]> 2022-10-14 04:04:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339800083 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339802499 - Sector of explicit memory.
- General academic knowledge.
- Facts not necessarily related to a specific place or time.
- Includes references about "what" and "who".  ]]> 2022-10-14 04:07:27 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2339802499 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340421226 2022-10-14 12:57:49 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340421226 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340423760 - Long-term explicit memories (semantic and episodic) are widely distributed throughout the cortex.
- Our memories are believed to be stored close to the specialised areas of the cortex for that information]]> 2022-10-14 12:59:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340423760 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340425763 - Involved in the processing of memories related to learnt motor skills and habits.
- Muscle, tone, posture.
- Balance, fine motor skills, and general skeletal muscle movements.]]> 2022-10-14 13:01:10 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340425763 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340427177 - Crucial in forming and encoding explicit memories.
- Not involved in forming or retrieving implicit memories.
- The hippocampus does not store LTM.]]> 2022-10-14 13:02:19 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340427177 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340431493 - Involved in processing and regulating emotional reactions, particularly ore intense emotions such as fear and anger.
- Primary function is consolidation of emotional information in memory, especially info relating to fear.
- It is believed the increased presence of norepinephrine at the amygdala instructs the hippocampus to 'flag' an event as emotionally significant. ]]> 2022-10-14 13:05:27 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340431493 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340433036 - Information is stored in our LTM (in various parts of the brain) to be used at a later date.
- Memory retrieval requires us to revisit the nerve pathways the brain created when we formed the memory

]]> 2022-10-14 13:06:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340433036 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340435699 Process of locating a memory stored in LTM and returning it to our consciousness (STM) where it can be accessed. This process can be flawed.]]> 2022-10-14 13:08:26 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340435699 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340435945 2022-10-14 13:08:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340435945 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340438110 - To supply or reproduce facts or info that is stored in LTM, using minimal or no cues for assistance.
- There are 3 types of recall; free recall, serial recall, and cued recall.
- Compared to other measures of retention (recognition and relearning), recall is the least sensitive (effective measure of retention).
- Cued recall is the most sensitive measure of recall, then free recall, then serial recall.

]]> 2022-10-14 13:10:04 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340438110 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340439470 Reproducing info from your memory in any order, without the use of specific cues.
e.g. song titles in an album, but not in order.]]> 2022-10-14 13:10:55 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340439470 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340441900 Reproducing of info from memory in the order in which it was originally presented, without the use of specific cues.
e.g. recalling album song titles in order.

]]> 2022-10-14 13:12:32 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340441900 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340445111 - Reproducing info from the memory, but you are given cues or prompts to assist recall.
e.g. the opening bars of a song.]]> 2022-10-14 13:14:40 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340445111 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340449406 - Identifying the correct answer from a list of possible alternatives which are known as distracters.
e.g. multiple choice questions in an exam.
- 'Easier' = provided with retrieval cues that prompt/remind you of info you would otherwise have been unable to recall.
- Usually superior to recall because recognition accesses memories or info that recall cannot access.]]> 2022-10-14 13:17:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340449406 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340452241 - Learning something that has been previously learnt, in order to measure the amount of info retained from the original learning.
- Typically the most sensitive (successful) measure of retention.
- Usually able to learn the revisited info faster, demonstrating some retention of original learning. 
- Relearning allows you to access memory stores that cannot be accessed by other tests of retention.]]> 2022-10-14 13:19:40 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340452241 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340454342 1. Remembering fast events/features of those past events you have stored in LTM.
2. Then putting them together during memory recall at a later date to form what is believed to be a more coherent, complete or accurate memory.]]> 2022-10-14 13:21:14 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340454342 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340457487 - Memory is subjective.
- Influences include; learnt/cultural norms and values, expectations, what we pay attention to and how we view the world when we encode and retrieve info.
- Reconstruction demonstrates how memories are often inaccurate records of prior experiences. ]]> 2022-10-14 13:23:20 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340457487 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340464760 Temporary or permanent, partial or complete, loss of memory.
- General symptoms include memory loss, confusion, and the inability to recognise familiar faces, objects or places.
- Can also occur in the absence of physical injury (psychological cause).]]> 2022-10-14 13:28:21 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340464760 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340468955 - Inability to form new long-term memories.
- Memory loss for events that happen after an amnesia-causing event.

- Complete anterograde amnesia: Able to retrieve memories from LTM but cannot form new LTMs, even though STM still functions.
- Partial anterograde amnesia: Can form some new LTMs.]]> 2022-10-14 13:31:07 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340468955 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340472703 - Umbrella term that refers to a brain injury that is acquired after birth and impairs the normal functioning of the brain.
- May result in some form of memory impairment causing an inability to form, store or retrieve memories.

- External causes: sporting accident, assault to the head, brain surgery.
- Internal causes: tumours, infections, chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, neurological diseases (such as Alzheimer's Disease).]]> 2022-10-14 13:33:51 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340472703 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340478359 - The hippocampus is involved in the formation of explicit memories. Therefore, damage = no new long-term explicit memories can be formed, except for procedural memories.
- The hippocampus does not process implicit procedural memories, so the person can still learn new skills and retrieve old procedural memories.]]> 2022-10-14 13:37:46 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340478359 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340480915 Damage to the amygdala but not the hippocampus means individuals can form new explicit (semantic and episodic) memories, but those memories will lack emotional content.]]> 2022-10-14 13:39:36 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340480915 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340484148 May disrupt long-term storage and retrieval of semantic and episodic memories.]]> 2022-10-14 13:41:49 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340484148 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340484293 - Possible impairment to procedural component of complex movement patterns.
- Some possible impairment to spatial learning and memory.]]> 2022-10-14 13:41:56 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340484293 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340488089 2022-10-14 13:44:42 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340488089 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340489555 2022-10-14 13:45:50 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340489555 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340494758 - General term describing the symptoms of a variety of illnesses that cause changes in the brain that lead to severe, progressive and permanent loss of intellectual capacity that severely interferes with a person's daily functioning. Often includes memory loss.]]> 2022-10-14 13:49:40 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340494758 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340498264 - An irreversible, gradual widespread degeneration of brain neurons, progressively causing memory decline, deterioration of cognitive and social skills, and personality changes.
- Onset is signalled by microscopic changes in the brain, long before the first signs of memory loss become apparent.]]> 2022-10-14 13:52:02 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340498264 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340498838 2022-10-14 13:52:25 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340498838 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340500836 - Symptoms usually appear after age 65, but can occur in the 30s.
- Symptoms include loss of memory, confusion, mood swings and withdrawal.
- Brains affected by AD have dramatic shrinkage, especially in the cortex.]]> 2022-10-14 13:53:35 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340500836 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340508579 - Earliest damage occurs in the hippocampus.
- Impaired memory formation typically the first symptom of hippocampal damage and AD.
- At the start, implicit memory (learnt skills/habits) and long-term semantic memory of facts remain relatively intact.
- Then, the onset of anterograde amnesia is slowly followed by the onset of retrograde amnesia. When this occurs, ability to access long-term explicit memories is lost.
- When AD reaches the cerebellum, implicit (procedural) memories are lost.]]> 2022-10-14 13:58:34 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340508579 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340509102 2022-10-14 13:58:57 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340509102 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340511193 - Sticky, abnormal clusters of beta-amyloid protein fragments that collect on the outside of, and between the nerve cells.
- Lead to and from the hippocampus.
- Destroys the synapses and disrupts the conduction of nerve impulses.]]> 2022-10-14 14:00:25 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340511193 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340514164 - Twisted strands of tau protein found in the centre of dead and dying nerve cells.
- Lead to and from the hippocampus.
- When tau is working properly, it helps stabilise nerve cells, protein. When overexcited they begin to assemble nerves in a chaotic and tangled form.]]> 2022-10-14 14:02:31 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340514164 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340525336 - Memory is malleable (impressionable, adaptable).
- Memory is a logical or a plausible account of what might have happened. It can be influenced by thoughts, attitudes, beliefs, ideals, moods, and other people.
- Retrieving a memory is a reconstructive process. Without our awareness, details can be added, subtracted exaggerated or downplayed.]]> 2022-10-14 14:10:19 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340525336 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340528438 1. The work of Loftus demonstrates that the act of retrieving (recalling) info from memory is a reconstructive process.
2. The process of recall/retrieval can be influenced by the wording of a question.
3. The misinformation suggested by the question can potentially become stored as part of an updated memory trace.]]> 2022-10-14 14:12:37 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340528438 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340531172 2022-10-14 14:14:32 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340531172 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340536549 - In their experiments, L&P investigated the influence of question wording on memory and how info supplied after an event can distort a witness' memory of the event.
- The results of the first experiment indicated that the form of a question (in this case, changes to a single word), can markedly and systematically affect a witness' answer to that question.]]> 2022-10-14 14:18:03 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340536549 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340539002 A question that has content, or is phrased in a way as to suggest what the desired answer is, or to lead to the desired response.]]> 2022-10-14 14:19:35 UTC https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340539002 mcm00221 https://padlet.com/mcm00221/84bby0na9246iyoj/wish/2340543422 Because of the effect leading questions can have on the reconstruction of memory it is easy to see why they are not allowed in the courtroom. Such questions allow a false memory to be implanted in the minds of eyewitnesses which can influence the outcome of the jury.

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