https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6 Made with Zhenqiong Liang en-us 2016-10-17 15:59:53 UTC 2016-10-25 05:43:47 UTC hello@padlet.com zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131199883 (Post by Zhenqiong Liang)]]> 2016-10-17 16:03:20 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131199883 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131201853 Infectious gate is also as the way of infectious spread. Infections can spread from many ways, containing the air(by droplets and aerosol), through faeces and then the mout, skin or mucous membrane contact, blood or other body fluids.  And the way of person-to-person spread concerns kin or mucous membrane contact, blood or other body fluids, sexual contact, food or water, from a mother to her unborn child(SA health 2016.)]]> 2016-10-17 16:07:44 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131201853 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131202225  Infection disease is a kind of disease that can be distributed from one person to another or from animals to human directly or indirectly, caused by pathological microorganisms, containing bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi(WHO 2016). ]]> 2016-10-17 16:08:34 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131202225 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131202700 Antimicrobial resistance means  exposed microorganisms become to resist medicine which have been developed to kill them, containing bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, burgeon. Antimicrobial resistance threathen the treatment of common infectious disease due to extend illness, disability and death for high risk of medical procedures, increase the cost of heath care and requirement of intensive care.(WHO 2016.) And it becomes a global concern.m]]> 2016-10-17 16:09:32 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131202700 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131202979 ---Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is a type of staph bacteria which resist several antibiotics as well as the penicillinase- resistant penicillins and cephalosporins, and temporarily are vulnerable only to vancomycin and teicoplanin.(WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002.12) 
 ---MRSA can be spread via directly contact infected wound or from contaminated hands, can induce to bad outcomes, such as bloodstream infections, pneumonia and surgical site infections in health care setting(Centers for disease control and prevention 2016). In nursing progress whatever in hospital or at home, personal protective clothing , disposable gloves and aprons(and sometimes mask) should be used while contacting infection patient , colonized patient and their environment aiming to reduce MRSA transmission, as well as clean sheets and clothes should be used daily for patient to avoid re-colonisation. And hand hygiene should be implemented following as requirement of standard in this progress.(Dinah Gould 2010.)]]> 2016-10-17 16:10:12 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131202979 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131214208 Ebola is an acute and severe disease leading to a higher fatality rate, outbreaking currently in West Africa in 2014. And there is no effective treatment available.  So it is very necessery to know this kind of disease as a nurse.]]> 2016-10-17 16:32:18 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131214208 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131215941 Ebola known as Ebola virus disease is caused by ebolavirus which belongs Filoviridae family. The five ebola virus species have been identified that are Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Reston and Taï Forest. This virus are transmitted from wild animals( such as chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys,and so on) to human, and spread in human through the way of human-to-human transmission which concerning directly contact with the blood, secretions, organs, or other bodily fluids of infected people, as well as surfaces and materials polluted by these fluids.]]> 2016-10-17 16:35:59 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131215941 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131217264 2016-10-17 16:38:36 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131217264 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131217910 The symptoms about Ebola include acute fever fatigue, headache, sore throat and muscle pain firstly, symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function, and both internal and external bleeding in some cases. The laboratory examination shows low white blood cell and platelet counts, and elevated liver enzymes. Diagnostic tests include antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), antigen-capture detection tests, serum neutralization test, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, electron microscopy and virus isolation by cell culture. Currently, there is no effective treatment for Ebola except for supporting fluids and treating special symptoms.(WHO 2016.)]]> 2016-10-17 16:39:52 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131217910 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131218688 For the characteristic of Ebola, there are some important points relating to care suspected or confirmed patients with Ebola. The first on is to keep these kinds of people in isolation room and restrict non-essential staffs and visitors accession. Secondly, hand hygiene should be performed as standard precautions by using an alcohol-based handrub or soap and running water. And then, personal protective equipment are required, including head cover, goggles or face shield，face mask, apron, boots, coverall or gown and double gloves, within a professional way to put on and remove before and after visiting a treatment centre. In addition, injection and parenteral medication equipment should be used individually for patients. Furthermore, environment should be cleaned and disinfected using standard hospital detergents or disinfectants, and the linen also need to manage sternly. Moreover, medical wast should be collected dividingly and transferred to special department for ending disposition.(WHO/HIS/SDS/2014.4Rev.1. 2014.) ]]> 2016-10-17 16:41:19 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131218688 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131219269 There is no Ebola reported in Finland and China from the data up to 27 March 2016(WHO 2016). Even though, some policies, regulations and programs have been established for preventing and controlling Ebola individually in this two countries(Decision No 1082/2013/EU of the european parliament and the council) (National health and family planning commission of the People’s Public China 2014). Health care workers need to follow this kind of laws,regulation and enactments issued by their countries, and play a professional role in working area, and plan a professional role in public health. ]]> 2016-10-17 16:42:35 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131219269 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131220417 2016-10-17 16:45:03 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131220417 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131221419 Zika virus infection has been reported from many countries. It can lead to a bag outcome for fetus. And no effective vaccine and medicine are available at present.(CDC 2016).]]> 2016-10-17 16:47:13 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131221419 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131221892 Zika virus is a flavivirus which is mainly transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus, and also sexual and blood. Zika can affect to the fetus by transplacental transmission or during delivery that leads to some birth defects.(WHO 2015)]]> 2016-10-17 16:48:06 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131221892 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131222784 The ymptoms Zika contains mild fever, skin rash, , malaise or headache, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain. Zika is diagnosed by Zika virus infection from laboratory tests on blood or other body fluids, for example, urine, and also related to the symptoms and recent travel history. There is no special treatment to Zika virus infection for their mild symptom except for a worsen situation that need for professional health care.(WHO 2015.)]]> 2016-10-17 16:50:03 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131222784 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131223841 The key point for prevention is to avoid mosquito bites. In addition, practising safer sex is also very important, even abstinent sex is required during six moths for someone who were came back from the area of active tradition.(WHO 2016.) For this period, the main role of nurse is a health educator who help people to realize and prevent this disease.]]> 2016-10-17 16:52:16 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131223841 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131224307 Zika virus infection has been reported in Finland and China. And policies and regulations also have been developed for Zika.]]> 2016-10-17 16:53:14 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/131224307 zhenqiong_liang728 https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/132908291 Centers for disease control and prevention. 2016. General Information About MRSA in the Community. Centers for disease control and prevention (referenced 1. October 2016):
http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/community/index.html#how3
CDC. 2016. Pregnancy. Centers for disease control and prevention(referenced 4. October 2016)
http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html
Decision No 1082/2013/EU of the european parliament and the council. 2013. On serious cross-border threats to health and repealing Decision No 2119/98/EC. Strasbourg .Official Journal of the European Union.
Dinah Gould. 2010. MRSA: implications for hospitals and nursing homes. Nursing Standard. 25, 18, 47-56. 
National health and family planning commission of the People’s Public China. 2014. Ebora hemorrhagic fever prevention and control program (Second Edition). National health and family planning commission of the People’s Public China(referenced 3. October 2016):
http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/jkj/s3577/201408/4df4931fb9174219813f3fcd0f54f65e.shtml
SA Health. 2016. Ways infectious diseases spread. Government of South Astralia (referenced 4. October 2016):
http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+topics/health+conditions+prevention+and+treatment/infectious+diseases/ways+infectious+diseases+spread
WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002.12 . 2002. Prevention of hospital-acquired infections: A practical guide 2nd edition. Malta.WHO.
WHO/EVD/OHE/PED/16.1 Rev.2. 2016. Interim guidance: Clinical care for survivors of Ebola virus disease. WHO.
WHO/HIS/SDS/2014.4Rev.1. 2014. Interim guidance: Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Care of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Filovirus Haemorrhagic Fever in Health-Care Settings, with Focus on Ebola. WHO.
WHO. 2016. Antimicrobial resistance. WHO (referenced 30. September 2016):
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/
WHO. 2016. Infection disease. WHO (referenced 29.September 2016): 
http://www.who.int/topics/infectious_diseases/en/ 
WHO. 2016. Ebola Situation Reports. WHO(referenced 3. October 2016):
http://apps.who.int/ebola/ebola-situation-reports
WHO. 2016. Ebola virus disease.WHO (referenced 1. October 2016):
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/
WHO. 2016. Zika virus. WHO(referenced 4. October 2016):
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/zika/en/]]> 2016-10-25 05:40:45 UTC https://padlet.com/zhenqiong_liang728/83k5ebau7yh6/wish/132908291