Authority: The authors are experts in the University of Malaya (Ahmed), University Teknologi Malaysia (Abul), and King Fahd University of Petroleum and minerals (Saidur)

Reliability: The authors use a combination of past research, fuel consumption, and emissions data in Malaysia.  

Currency: The paper was published in 2016 and is current because it explores the use of technology in hydrogen fuel. 

Objectivity/subjectivity: The article explores the Malaysian case of suitable Hydrogen fuel and its changes to use safe emission-free fuel.  

Academic Conventions: The article is Academic. 

Usage/Implications: The paper provides a roadmap to using safe fuels in transport industries across the globe. 

Authority:  Bai works at the School of Management Science and Engineering, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian, China. Behnam works at the Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, The University of Sydney Business School, Sydney, Australia. At the same time, Joseph works at Foisie School of Business, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609-2280, USA. 

Reliability: The authors investigate their proposed approach through a collection of empirical data collected by industry experts. 

Currency: The article was published in 2017, making it recent and uses the latest technology concepts in its discussion. 

Objectivity/subjectivity: The article seeks to improve the transport fleet appraisal system by proposing a method of introducing a sustainable transport system that corporations can use.

Academic Conventions: The article is academic. 

Usage/Implications: The paper helps develop a safer and fewer emissions transport system to make the environment safer and cleaner. 

Authority:  Barreto and Amaral are superior scholars at Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Av. Pinto da Mota 330, Valença 4930-600, Portugal. Pereira is a scholar at Higher School of Business Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Av. Pinto da Mota 330, Valença 4930-600, Portugal.

Reliability:  The paper uses reflections of some of the requirements and issues that can enable organizations to be efficient and fully operational in the context of logistics 4.0.  

Currency: The paper is recent, for it was published in 2017 and uses the latest logistics 4.0. 

Objectivity/subjectivity: The authors seek to evaluate the valuable resources that can help organizations to improve their logistics.  

Academic Conventions: The article is academic. 

Usage/Implications: The article evokes interest in some valuable ways that organizations can develop the desired logistical output in the realms of performance at the right time, place, quantity, and the right cost. 

Authority:  Anu Bask is an expert in the Department of Information and Service Economy, Aalto University School of Business, Helsinki, Finland. While Mervi Rajahonka works at Small Business Center, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences XAMK, Mikkeli, Finland) (Department of Information and Service Economy, Aalto University School of Business, Helsinki, Finland) 

Reliability: The authors use a systematic literature review to explore the commended intermodal transport systems and how they can be improved.  

Currency: The paper was published in 2017 and looks at the latest methods of intermodal transport systems and how they can work in the EU. 

Objectivity/subjectivity: The article explores the role of environmental sustainability and intermodal transport in transport mode decisions.

Academic Conventions: The article is academic. 

Usage/Implications: The authors highlight the role of logistics service providers (LSPs) and buyers, as they are important stakeholders in guiding this process of minimizing greenhouse gasses emissions.

Authority: Buehler and Hamre work as representatives at School of Public and International Affairs, Alexandria Center, Virginia Tech, Alexandria, VA, USA. Jung works at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Regional wissenschaft, Karlsruhe, Germany. 

Reliability: The paper compares and contrasts the German and US land-use and transport planning systems. The analysis will prompt changes that can be adopted in either region and how each region can improve transport efficiency and reduce pollution. 

Currency: Even though the paper was published in 2015, it indicates the two countries’ long-continued practices of using public transport systems. 

Objectivity/subjectivity: The paper compares the Washington DC and Stuttgart regions to demonstrate differences and similarities between the German and US land-use and transport planning systems.

Academic Conventions: The article is academic.

Usage/Implications: The paper seeks to explore the practical and already in use practices that can help reduce emissions in the selected regions of the US and Germany. 

Authority: Cohen and Nijkamp are workers at the Department of Spatial Economics, Free University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. Salomon works at the Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. 

Reliability: The authors use a research study that explores ICT and its value in the context of the transport sector. 

Currency: The paper was published in 2002, but it indicates some of the current trends in the transport sector. 

Objectivity/subjectivity: The article explores the gaps between the policymakers and the experts in transportation policy-making.

Academic Conventions: The article is academic. 

Usage/Implications: The gaps illustrated by the authors highlight the inefficiencies that are common in transportation policy-making decisions and point out some of the commensurate ways of sealing the identified gaps.  

Authority: Dana Lynn Driscoll is a professor at the University of Pennsylvania and a faculty member in the composition and TESCOL Doctoral program.  

Reliability: The essay uses interviews and surveys as part of primary research to explain the vital concepts of primary research. 

Currency: The paper was published in 2011, but its value in elucidating primary research’s vital concepts remains relevant. 

Objectivity/subjectivity: The essay explores the main attributes, values, and aspects of primary research. The author also shares a guide to the main steps of conducting research and how to ensure that the process meets the required standards. 

Academic Conventions: The essay is academic. 

Usage/Implications: The essay is an important guide in developing research studies and offers some of the vital aspects to consider when developing a research paper or report.

Authority: Janet Heaton is a research fellow at the Division of Rural Health and Wellbeing. She is a sociologist and an applied health researcher with expertise in the use of qualitative research methods. 

Reliability: The author explores how to use secondary research and the nature and methodology of research articles and papers developed using secondary research.

Currency: The paper was published in 2008, but the value of the paper’s content is still applicable to current research and essays.  

Objectivity/subjectivity: The paper seeks to explore the various ways in which secondary data can be understood and used. 

Academic Conventions: The paper is academic. 

Use implications: The paper explores how researchers can use the data in published papers in a manner that is up to date and helpful to the context of current research. 

Authority: Jazdi is a professor at University of Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, DE.

Reliability: The author explores the physical world changes that will be a result of cyber systems using a prototype. 

Currency: The paper was published in 2014. However, it indicates some of the important changes that will certainly take place in the foreseeable future. Therefore, the paper is relevant.  

Objectivity/subjectivity: The paper explores some of the important ways technology, especially cyber systems, will interlace with physical systems to add value. 

Academic Conventions: The paper is academic. 

Use implications: This article presents some of the vital ways cyber is integrated with the physical systems to improve performance and realize high-efficiency systems.

Authority: Zhao is a research associate in the School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Australia. Ke is attached to the School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Australia. Zuo works at the School of Architecture and Built Environment & Entrepreneurship; Commercialisation and Innovation Centre (ECIC), The University of Adelaide, Australia. Xiong is an administrator at the Department of Public Administration, Tongji University, China. Wu is attached to the School of Design and the Built Environment, Curtin University, Australia

Reliability: The research article uses a secondary approach, whereby the authors analyzed a total of 882 bibliometric records of journal articles from the Web of Science core collection database. Both quantitative scientometric analysis and qualitative discussion were undertaken to analyze sustainable transport research. Although secondary research is less reliable, the large number of articles selected makes the conclusion viable.

Currency: the paper was published in 2020. That means that the people considered a wide range of journal articles that are already published in the public transport sector in various regions across the globe. 

Objectivity/subjectivity: This study aims to identify the hot research topics, explore knowledge gaps, and recommend future directions in the domain of sustainable transport through a holistic review of the literature published in 2000–2019.

Academic Conventions: The paper is academic. 

Use implications: The article provides vital knowledge gaps in the world of transport systems that can provide insight on improvement areas.