Saving Billions of People by Diagnosing Malaria Cost-effectively by https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation By Alifya Sachak and Fatema Eyoub en-us 2018-08-06 15:09:33 UTC 2025-12-09 17:24:41 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-uploads.storage.googleapis.com/301739205/b05631319d4d13db7366aa66d385eec7/End_0.png Malaria Deaths due to Inadequate Funding and Diagnostic Tools t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272096997 2018-08-06 16:42:48 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272096997 Paperfuge and Foldscope t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098054 2018-08-06 16:51:53 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098054 Weaknesses t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098417 2018-08-06 16:56:17 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098417 Public Health and Safety t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098633 2018-08-06 16:58:57 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098633 Science Education t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098744 2018-08-06 17:00:35 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098744 Increasing Scientific Innovations t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098831 2018-08-06 17:01:28 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098831 The Economy t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098891 2018-08-06 17:01:58 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098891 Local Application t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098948 2018-08-06 17:02:29 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272098948 Nanomal DNA Analyser t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272099154 2018-08-06 17:04:51 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272099154 A centrifuge costs US$4405.63, weighs 22 g, and spins human blood samples for at least 15 minutes at speeds from 2200-2500 r.p.m. to separate the plasma from the red bloods cells. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272475003 Centrifuge/Fisher Scientific/n. d.]]> 2018-08-09 11:49:36 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272475003 A paperfuge, a paper centrifuge, costs 20 cents, weighs 2 g, and spins human blood samples for 15 minutes at a speed of 125 000 r.p.m. to accomplish the plasma separation by only hand power. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272475828 Paperfuge/Public Domain/2017]]> 2018-08-09 12:00:52 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272475828 Manu Prakash invented the paperfuge and foldscope to provide remote regions with inexpensive and electricity-free diagnostic tools for diagnosing malaria. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272490497 Manu Prakash/National Geographic/2015]]> 2018-08-09 13:57:44 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272490497 Separation of plasma from whole blood using paperfuge t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272491563 Separation of plasma from whole blood using paperfuge/ Manu Prakash/Science Today/ 2017]]> 2018-08-09 14:04:41 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272491563 The components of the paperfuge are two circular paper discs, two wooden handles, string, capillaries, capillary holders, and plastic shims t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272498880 Paperfuge Components/Manu Prakash/ bioRxiv/2016]]> 2018-08-09 14:50:01 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272498880 A foldscope, a foldable microscope that costs about 48 cents, weighs 8.8 g, and needs no external power can examine the buffy coat area of a blood sample with a magnification of 2000x after the plasma separation is complete by the paperfuge. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272501056 Foldscope/McCrone/2015]]> 2018-08-09 15:03:47 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272501056 A microscope that costs US$128.91 and weighs 1.2 kg is used to examine the buffy coat region of a blood sample for a malaria parasite, called Plasmodium falcipuram after the centrifuge has separated the plasma from the red blood cells. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272501840 Microscope/School Specialty/ n.d.]]> 2018-08-09 15:07:49 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272501840 Prakash's phase 1 project shipped 50 000 foldscopes to people in 130 countries in 2016. Prakash's phase 2 project shipped a million foldscopes around the world in 2017. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272505709 Phase 1 of Foldscope Project/Kickstarter/n.d.]]> 2018-08-09 15:34:25 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272505709 This is how a blood sample would look like after the paperfuge has separated the plasma from the red blood cells by rotating the paperfuge for 15 minutes. The picture at the top right shows how a malaria parasite in the buffy coat area of the blood sample would look like under a microscope. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272513927 Plasma Seperation/Manu Prakash/Nature/2017]]> 2018-08-09 16:30:38 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272513927 Prakash's team conducted clinical trails for the paperfuge with 50 samples at two hospitals in Madagascar in 2016. After further testing were conducted for the paperfuge in 2017, the results showed that it is reliable for malaria testing. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272513988 Clinical Trials for the Paperfuge/Techcrunch/2017]]> 2018-08-09 16:31:13 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272513988 Sanjeev Krishna invented the nanomal DNA analyser, which is a portable and an inexpensive device that diagnosis malaria and parasites’ drug resistance. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272518970 Sanjeev Krishna/The Conversation/ 2013

]]> 2018-08-09 17:01:57 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272518970 Nanomal DNA analyser wieghs about 190 g and costs about the price of a smart-phone, which may be given to developing countries for free. The single-test cartridge cost US$18, but plans are to decrease the price, in order for it to be affordable in remote regions. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272519444 Nanomal DNA Analyser/St George's University of London/2013]]> 2018-08-09 17:05:43 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272519444 The batteries used for the nanomal DNA analyser can affect the marine life by exposing them to toxic materials because when the batteries are wasted and their toxic substances leak in the oceans through the landfills. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272521415 Batteries/Huguette Roe/Dreamstime/2017]]> 2018-08-09 17:13:57 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272521415 Since the paperfuge looks like a whirligig toy, patients might not think that their disease is a serious issue. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272528177 Whirligig Toy/Dengguoli/ Amazon/2017 ]]> 2018-08-09 17:55:25 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272528177 Since the foldscope looks like this origami camera, the patients that already have lost hope in getting better might worsen their situation after seeing diagnostic tools that look toys. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272530453 Origami Camera/ Deposite Photos/2017]]> 2018-08-09 18:11:03 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272530453 The foldscope and paperfuge were created to enable healthcare workers to provide healthcare to patients by performing diagnostic assays with inexpensive and electricity-free diagnostic tool. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272531815 Clinical Trials for Foldscope/Manu Prakash/ Kqed Quest/ 2015]]> 2018-08-09 18:19:39 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272531815 Making scientific tools accessible as much as a pencil is, can provide access to scientific literacy. Children carrying a foldscope every where can help them see and feel the microscopic features of life on Earth and learn scientific methods, observations, and theories that can be applied with a foldacope and paperfuge. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272544323 An Accessible Scientific Tool/Kickstarter/ n.d.]]> 2018-08-09 20:02:14 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272544323 Innovated diagnostic tools can inspire others to come up with new innovated diagnostic tools, in order to become the next group of people to solve other problems around the world, instead of expecting the scientists to do so. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272545926 Increasing Innovative Thinking/ News of Nigeria/ 2015]]> 2018-08-09 20:17:19 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272545926 The international and domestic levels will no longer have to raise a substantial amount of money in order to provide resource-limited environments with diagnostic tools, when inexpensive diagnostic tools like the foldscope, paperfuge, and nanomal DNA analyser are used instaed. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272547129 Economy/The Hill/2018]]> 2018-08-09 20:30:32 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272547129 Canadian travellers, who visit malaria-endemic countries, new immigrants, refugees and international tourists, who are from malaria-endemic countries, have caused malaria cases to occur in Canada. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272548646 Canadian Travellers Importing Malaria to Canada/ Government of Canada/ 2016 ]]> 2018-08-09 20:48:08 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272548646 Once the inventors of the foldscope, paperfuge, and nanomal DNA analyser have conducted enough clinical trials, the innovations will most likely be used in the sub-Saharan Africa because 90% of malaria cases woeldwide occurred there in 2016. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272549919 Malaria Cases in the African Region/Getty Images/Guardian Graphic/ n.d. ]]> 2018-08-09 20:59:43 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272549919 Conclusion t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272549952 2018-08-09 21:00:06 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272549952 Anyone can use a foldscope to view microscopic organisms by purchasing the deluxe individual foldscope kit online. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272550850 Deluxe Individual Foldscope Kit/Quora/n.d.]]> 2018-08-09 21:10:49 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272550850 If someone wants to use a paperfuge by using a sample of their blood and then viewing it under the foldscope; it is best to find someone that knows how to use a paperfuge and foldscope very well, in order to know what you are looking at under the foldscope. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272552071 Assembling Foldscope at Home/Mostly Microbes/2016]]> 2018-08-09 21:25:03 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272552071 Background Picture: t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272552837 Malaria infected mosquito biting a human arm/Your Genome/n. d.]]> 2018-08-09 21:35:35 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272552837 Icon Picture to Symbolize what this padlet is about: t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272553718 Eliminating malaria infected mosquito/Malaria No More/n. d.]]> 2018-08-09 21:46:32 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272553718 There were 216 million malaria cases and 445 000 malaria deaths in 2016 worldwide. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272612586 Malaria Deaths in 2016/ IHME, Global Burden of Diseases (GBD)/2016]]> 2018-08-10 11:55:01 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272612586 There were 210 million malaria cases and 446 000 malaria deaths in 2015 worldwide. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272612659 Malaria Cases in 2015/ World Bank - WDI/2015 ]]> 2018-08-10 11:56:08 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272612659 The international and domestic levels raised US$2.7 billion to eliminate malaria. The amount of money invested was not enough to decrease malaria deaths because the diagnostic tools and life-saving instruments were not accessible. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272612993 International and Domestic funding from 2010-2016/ World Health Organization (WHO)/World Malaria Report 2017/2017]]> 2018-08-10 12:03:32 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272612993 Then the blood is spread out on the blood film and stained by Giemsa stain, in order to examine a malaria parasite under a microscope. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272615241 Blood Smear/Microbak/2018]]> 2018-08-10 12:36:02 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272615241 An old method of diagnosing malaria is by obtaining a drop of blood on a blood film. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272623415 Blood Drop on a Blood Film/Siemens/n.d.  ]]> 2018-08-10 13:45:37 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272623415 The components of the foldscope are foldscope paper components, ball lens, button-cell battery, surface-mounted LED, copper tape, and polymeric filters. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272624008 Foldscope Components/ The High Tech Society/n.d.]]> 2018-08-10 13:50:22 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272624008 Due to this social issue, patients with malaria will not only suffer from their illness, but also from poverty because of unemployment. In order to solve this issue, innovated diagnostic tools that are inexpensive and electricity-free should be used to treat malaria in resource-limited environments. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272639675 2018-08-10 15:39:37 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272639675 The foldscope is operated by placing the capillary blood sample on the microscope slide, turning on the LED and examining it by looking throught the micro-lens and panning and focusing with one's thumb. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272681065 2018-08-10 21:34:32 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272681065 The nanomal DNA analyser works by extracting and amplifying the DNA from a blood sample and binding it to probes on the surface of the electronic biosensors. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272682782 2018-08-10 22:05:39 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272682782 The Nanomal Project conducted clinical trial for the nanomal DNA analyser from 2013-2015 in Gabon. The results showed that it can be used for malaria testing, but further testing have been completed after 2015 as well. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272683190 2018-08-10 22:14:42 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272683190 Therefore, these types of people can be diagnosed with a foldscope, paperfuge, and nanomal DNA analyser if they are experiencing a symptom of malaria when they arrive at Canada. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272684923 2018-08-10 23:09:12 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272684923 The foldscope and the paperfuge are the best because both of the innovations can be used in remote regions due to its cost, and how accessible their components are in the remote areas, in order to fix the them if a need arises. Whereas the nanomal DNA analyser is not the best because it is too expensive and uses nanotechnology. t14fatemaeyoub https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272685619
Winner cup icon/ Fine Art Pixel/ n.d.]]> 2018-08-10 23:36:30 UTC https://padlet.com/t14fatemaeyoub/Group23FinalProjectPresentation/wish/272685619