Drugs in Sport by kellie coates https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport Nature o PED's, how they are used and their effects on performance en-us 2016-06-23 06:36:53 UTC 2016-07-21 03:34:00 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Rugbyball.png Blood Doping kellie_coates76 https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721443 increasing the red blood cell in order to increase oxygen carrying capacity, this boosts aerobic performance. 
how they are used: three types of blood doping
- withdrawing blood, isolating the oxygen-carrying the red blood cells in a solution then re-transfusing the cells prior to competition.
-injections of epo (increased red blood cells)
-injections of synthetic oxygen carriers (increases oxygen in the blood which fuel muscles)
Effects on performance: increased aerobic performance, good for sports like cycling, distance running and cross country skiing.
Higher volumes of haemoglobin and carries more oxygen to working muscles. therefore it allows extra oxygen to be transported to the working muscles, resulting in a higher level of performance without the use of the anaerobic systems. However this increases the risk of blood clotting, strokes and heart attacks due to thickening of blood.
Mimics effects of EPO (erythropoietin)

]]> 2016-07-20 23:41:46 UTC https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721443 Anabolic Agents ( Including Steriods) kellie_coates76 https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721462 Anabolic steroids, technically known as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), are drugs that are structurally related to the cyclic steroid rings system and have similar effects to testosterone in the body. They increase protein within cells, especially in skeletal muscles.  
Anabolic steroids also have androgenic and virilizing properties, including the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics such as the growth of the vocal cords and body hair (secondary sexual characteristics

Abuse of anabolic steroids may lead to mental problems, such as:
  • paranoid (extreme, unreasonable) jealousy
  • extreme irritability
  • delusions—false beliefs or ideas
  • impaired judgment
Extreme mood swings can also occur, including "roid rage"—angry feelings and behavior that may lead to violence.

Anabolic steroid abuse may lead to serious, even permanent, health problems such as:
  • kidney problems or failure
  • liver damage
  • enlarged heart, high blood pressure, and changes in blood cholesterol, all of which increase the risk of stroke and heart attack, even in young people
It is taken orally or injected into the muscles

]]> 2016-07-20 23:42:09 UTC https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721462 Hormones and related Substances kellie_coates76 https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721498 2016-07-20 23:42:48 UTC https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721498 Stimulants kellie_coates76 https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721512 Stimulants are substances that act directly on the central nervous system to speed up parts of the brain and body. Most of the drugs work by changing the athletes metabolism, or specific receptor sensitivity to the neautrotransmitters. Adrenaline is an example of a naturally occurring stimulant in the body.
Stimulants are able to increase the mood and arousal, eliminating or decreasing feelings of fatigue and possibly to enhance physical performance.
Some athletes may use stimulants to;
- increase alertness
- increase aggressiveness
- reduce tiredness

examples of stimulants include;
- caffeine
- cocaine
- amphetamines
- Nicotine

Negative effects of Stimulants;
The strong psychological adverse effects of excessive use of stimulants is manifested by paranoia, restlessness, irritability and aggressiveness. Quick addiction to stimulants may develop.]]> 2016-07-20 23:43:07 UTC https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721512 Diuretics and Masking agents kellie_coates76 https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721542 Masking agents are compounds that are taken with the purpose of hiding or "masking" the presence of specific illegal drugs that are screened for doping testing. Masking agents have the potential to impair or conceal the banned substance in the urine. Diuretics can be regarded as "masking" agents due to the dilution of the urine, which results in lower levels of the banned substance being excreted from the body.
They can be in liquid or pill form.

Unlike medical patients, athletes do not retain excess water, thus the use of diuretics results in an abnormal and dangerous loss of water and electrolytes. Athletes with diuretic-induced dehydration, performing in heat, are more susceptible to heat exhaustion. Hypotension can be particularly troublesome sometimes. Use of diuretics commonly leads to low levels of body potassium. However, severe symptomatic hypokalemia is rare, while moderate levels of hypokalemia are common. Hypokalemia mainly causes disturbed neurological functioning and cardiac arrhythmias, even heart failure. Additionally, symptoms as muscle weakness and muscle cramps are common.
Side Effects can be:
-Dehydration
-Muscle cramps
-Nausea
-Headaches
-Dizziness
-Blood volume depletion]]> 2016-07-20 23:43:25 UTC https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721542 Narcotics and Cannabinoids kellie_coates76 https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721562 Narcotics are considered as substances and drugs which are able to change psychic and physical status of an organism in a wide range from sleep and total immobilisation up to euphoria and excitation.

A narcotic is an addictive drug that reduces pain, induces sleep and may alter mood or behaviour.]]> 2016-07-20 23:43:36 UTC https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721562 Glucocorticoids kellie_coates76 https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721592 any of a group of corticosteroids (e.g. hydrocortisone) which are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and have anti-inflammatory activity.

Glucocorticoids are chemicals that can stop inflammation, but they have many side effects and risks
.
-Corticosteroids: are a type of steroid produced in the adrenal cortex of the vertebrae 

Adrenal --> hormones --> stimultes release of free fatty acids and glucose in to the blood stream --> aids in energy production 

Becomes an ethical issue when this gives an advantage in competitive sport my injecting hormones --> unnaturally stimulating body in energy release 

]]> 2016-07-20 23:44:00 UTC https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721592 Beta Blockers kellie_coates76 https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721605 Beta blockers, also known as beta-adrenergic blocking agents, are drugs that block norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) from binding to beta receptors on nerves

There are three types of beta receptors and they control several different functions based on their location in the body. 
1. beta-1 (β1) receptors are located in the heart, eye, and kidneys 
2. beta (β2) receptors are found in the lungs, liver, uterus, blood vessels and skeletal muscles 
3.beta (β3) receptors are located in fat cells

They are often prescribed after a heart attack to treat abnormal heart rhythms - as Beta Blockers SLOW DOWN your heart rate. Most commonly used in sports where a good hand-eye coordination level is needed, such as golf, archery and rifle shooting.

Beta blockers relieve stress on your heart by slowing the heartbeat.]]> 2016-07-20 23:44:14 UTC https://padlet.com/kellie_coates76/Drugsinsport/wish/116721605