https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov en-us 2023-08-11 15:15:55 UTC 2023-08-17 02:49:39 UTC hello@padlet.com 2065102677 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660285315 Herman Mueller increased the mutation rate in fruit flies by exposing them to X-rays. The term ¨mutation¨ means changing the genetic code. ]]> 2023-08-11 15:25:44 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660285315 3503635459 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660286224 They produced a human growth hormone along with two kinds of interferon. They manufactured and marketed both of these. They got approval from the FDA for Protropin, their first medicine, in October 1985. ]]> 2023-08-11 15:27:32 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660286224 3503635459 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660287978 Eli Lilly became licensed to manufacture insulin in 1982. She created Humulin and KwikPen. She brought the first commericial insulin to people living with diabetes. ]]> 2023-08-11 15:30:57 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660287978 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660288428 In 1958 Coenburg discovered DNA Polymerase that synthiaizes DNA through replication. This improved todays scientist understanding of DNA and how it is repaired and replicated ]]> 2023-08-11 15:31:50 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660288428 3503635459 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660289485 In 1983 Kary Mulis invented the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) where a tiny amount of DNA can be made into large amounts in a short period of time. This is a very important process in the medical field and science today. ]]> 2023-08-11 15:33:40 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660289485 3195789663 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660289517 Plants were used for food, and domesticated or selectively bred for desired characteristics such as larger fruits and vegetables. Animals were used for food and work, or selectively bred for desired characteristics such as sheep being selectively bred for wool. Microorganisms were used to make cheeses and beverages, and to ferment bread. For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast used in the making of bread.]]> 2023-08-11 15:33:44 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660289517 3195789663 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660290674 Edward Jenner used living microorganisms to create the smallpox vaccine. ]]> 2023-08-11 15:35:44 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660290674 3503635459 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660291205 In 1985 the Supreme Court passed that plants could be patented. They validated that genetically engineered plants could be patented because of property rights in life science. ]]> 2023-08-11 15:36:42 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660291205 2065102677 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660291855 Frederick Griffith noticed that a rough type of bacterium changed to a smooth type when some unknown ¨transforming principle¨ from the smooth type was present. He tested these virulent bacteria in little heat-inactivated virulent form. This was the first example of a human-controlled transformation. ]]> 2023-08-11 15:37:40 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660291855 3503635459 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660292825 Field trials of recombinant DNA plants were conducted for the first time in 1986. These plants were able to resist bugs, sickness, and bacteria. The first trials were on tobacco and potato plants. ]]> 2023-08-11 15:39:10 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660292825 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660293168 In 1962 Osamu Shimomura discovered and isolated Green Fluorescent Protein. In 2008 he was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize for his discovery. ]]> 2023-08-11 15:39:47 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660293168 3195789663 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660293203 Louis Pasteur proved the existence of microorganisms, such as anthrax bacteria in earthworms' feces. He showed that all living things are produced by other living things.]]> 2023-08-11 15:39:50 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660293203 2065102677 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660293813 Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic properties of certain mold called ¨Penicillium notatum¨. ]]> 2023-08-11 15:40:53 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660293813 3195789663 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660294663 Gregor Mendel investigated how traits are passed from generation to generation. He called them "elementen." We know them as genes.]]> 2023-08-11 15:42:09 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660294663 3503635459 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660294713 Chymosin was the first ever genetically engineered substance used in food. They used it in the making of cheese. It was the newer alternative to rennet, which was used to curdle milk. ]]> 2023-08-11 15:42:14 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660294713 3503635459 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660297567 In 1994, the first genetically modified food approved was the FLAVR SAVR. They said the tomato was just as safe as a regular tomato. 

]]> 2023-08-11 15:46:19 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660297567 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660298101 In 1965 plasmids were able to be classified which means they had the ability to transfer to other bacteria. This is important because, it allows scientist to clone anf manipulate genes 

]]> 2023-08-11 15:47:06 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660298101 2065102677 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660299803 Proteins and DNA were studied by X-ray crystallography, which was used for determining the three-dimensional structures of proteins such as nucleic acids and viruses. The term ¨molecular biology¨ was coined. 


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4655606/#:~:text=Introduction,proteins%2C%20nucleic%20acids%20and%20viruses.


]]> 2023-08-11 15:49:53 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660299803 3195789663 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660300803 Pasteur discovered and patented pasteurization after experimenting with heated wine.]]> 2023-08-11 15:51:42 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660300803 3503635459 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660301441 Dolly the Sheep was a Finn Dorset sheep that was cloned and born in 1996 and lived for 7 years. She was the first clone of an adult mammal. She was born at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. ]]> 2023-08-11 15:52:39 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660301441 2065102677 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660899746 George Beadle/Edward Tatum proposed the ¨one gene produces one enzyme¨ hypothesis. That means each gene is responsible for producing a single enzyme that in turn affects a single step in a metabolic pathway. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_gene%E2%80%93one_enzyme_hypothesis#:~:text=The%20one%20gene%E2%80%93one%20enzyme,step%20in%20a%20metabolic%20pathway.

]]> 2023-08-13 14:00:12 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660899746 2065102677 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660901130 Linus Pauling described sickle cell anemia calling it a molecular disease. He studied the structure of DNA. In his experiment, he discovered that sickle-cell hemoglobin carried more positive electric charges on its surface. 
https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/mm/feature/disease

]]> 2023-08-13 14:04:26 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660901130 2065102677 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660904179 Max Delbruck organized a course to study a type of bacterial virus that consisted of a protein coat containing DNA. It's called bacteriophanges, which helped the Phage Group and Phage Course. He quoted from research that "The viruses produce in one step, not exponentially as do cellular organisms." 
https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/max-ludwig-henning-delbruck-1906-1981#:~:text=In%20the%20mid%2Dtwentieth%20century,which%20further%20organized%20phage%20research.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck#:~:text=While%20at%20Caltech%2C%20Delbr%C3%BCck%20researched,exponentially%20as%20do%20cellular%20organisms.


]]> 2023-08-13 14:13:57 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660904179 2065102677 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660911169 Alfred Hershey/ Margaret Chase used radioactive labeling ("phosphorus and sulphur"- to be specific) to determine that it is DNA not protein is the genetic material, that carried the instructions for assembling new phages. Thus, DNA was identified as the genetic material. 

https://www.toppr.com/ask/en-us/question/hersheyand-chase-experimented-with-radioactively-labeled-phosphorus-and-sulphur-todetermine-that-dna-and-not-protein/#:~:text=experimented%20with%20radi-,Hershey%20and%20Chase%20experimented%20with%20radioactively%20labeled%20phosphorus%20and%20sulphur,protein%20is%20the%20genetic%20material.

]]> 2023-08-13 14:40:53 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660911169 2065102677 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660915362 Watson and Crick determined the double helix structure of DNA. 
https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/sc/feature/doublehelix

]]> 2023-08-13 14:55:34 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660915362 2065102677 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660916468 Frederick Sanger sequenced insulin, a protein, from pork. ]]> 2023-08-13 14:59:02 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660916468 2065102677 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660922407 Coenberg discovered DNA polymerase that functions to DNA replication. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174742/

]]> 2023-08-13 15:19:15 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660922407 2065102677 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660924049 Green Fluorescent protein is isolated by Osamu Shimomura, who shares the Nobel Prize in 2008 for the discovery of this protein. ]]> 2023-08-13 15:25:34 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660924049 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660995839 In 1966 Philip Leder and Nirenberg discovered that a sequence of just three nucleotide bases code for each of the 20 amino acids. They were names Codons. Codons allowed scientist to better understand the orgin for life on earth. ]]> 2023-08-13 22:03:52 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2660995839 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661006970 In 1970 reverse transcriptase was isolated. The function of reverse transcriptases is to change RNA sequences into cDNA that is able to be inserted into different parts of the genome. This is signifigant because it laid the foundations for cancer biology and molecular biology.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27482900/#:~:text=Abstract,for%20retrovirology%20and%20cancer%20biology. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27482900/#:~:text=Abstract,for%20retrovirology%20and%20cancer%20biology.]]> 2023-08-13 22:59:44 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661006970 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661010426 In 1971 restrictions enzymes were discovered. These cut DNA in specific locations and recognize sequences of nucleotides in double stranded DNA.]]> 2023-08-13 23:13:49 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661010426 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661012536 Paul Berg cut sections of viral DNA and bacterial DNA with the same restriction enzyme. This was important because it allowed scientist to use DNA more efficiently. ]]> 2023-08-13 23:22:59 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661012536 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661023999 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer produced the first rDNA organism that produced the human protien, humulin. Genetic engineering was applied in the industry. ]]> 2023-08-14 00:02:19 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661023999 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661026210 George Kohler and Cesar Milstein produced the first monoclonal antibodies. These "immortalized anibody producing cells by fusing them with tumor cells." This was signifigant because it was used for disease treatment and research.  https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1984/press-release/#:~:text=K%C3%B6hler%20and%20C%C3%A9sar%20Milstein%20described,monoclonal%20antibodies%20with%20predetermined%20specificity.]]> 2023-08-14 00:08:37 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661026210 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661028025 The NIH guidelines were developed for the study of rDNA. This was important because it prevented the accidental release of human exposure to genetically modified organisms ]]> 2023-08-14 00:13:42 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661028025 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661030117 Human growth hormone was discovered through bacterial cells. This was the first practical application of genetic engineering. It is impoortant because it allowed scientist to use it for a veriety of different things, like maintining normal body structures and promote growth in children.]]> 2023-08-14 00:18:45 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661030117 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661032514 A company called Genentech used genetic engineering to produce human insulin using the E coli bacteria. Genentechh was the first biotech company on the New York stock exchange. ]]> 2023-08-14 00:24:16 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661032514 3503635459 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661581099 The first genetically engineered pet was the GloFish in 2004. It is a modified zebra fish that comes in many colors like red and purple. It was banned in California. This is because of regulations preventing manufacturing or marketing genetically modified animals. ]]> 2023-08-14 15:14:16 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661581099 3503635459 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661583006 The first ever cloned dog was in 2005. Scientists named him "Snuppy" and he was made by a team of South Koreans at the Seoul National University. He was created from a single cell from an Afghan Hounds ear. ]]> 2023-08-14 15:16:52 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661583006 3503635459 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661586223 In 2008, the Biotube was created by 3D bioprinting. It is supposed to be similar to the annular ligament and membranous part of the trachea. This helps with flexibility and absorbing pressure. ]]> 2023-08-14 15:20:59 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661586223 3195789663 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661586462 Frederick Meischer isolated DNA, which stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, from the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. ]]> 2023-08-14 15:21:19 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661586462 3195789663 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661587470 The steam engine was used to drive combine harvesters. ]]> 2023-08-14 15:22:41 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661587470 3503635459 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661588777 In 2012 Jennifer Doudna and her team demonstrated the amazing potential of The CRISPR/ CAS9 system. They discovered that by making guide RNA to look for a specific genome region, the CRISPR/CAS9 can be used to change genomes like cut and paste. ]]> 2023-08-14 15:24:19 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661588777 3503635459 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661591496 The CRISPR/CAS9 technology was used to research mice DNA, study diseases, and develop treatments. They eliminated muscular dystrophy in 2015 and cured a rare liver disease. They also made human cells immune to HIV. ]]> 2023-08-14 15:27:14 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661591496 3195789663 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661593449 Ammonia, naturally produced only in cells, was synthesized in the lab.]]> 2023-08-14 15:29:54 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661593449 3195789663 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661594904 Robert Koch published his postulates to determine casual relationships between a causative microbe and a disease. ]]> 2023-08-14 15:31:57 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661594904 3195789663 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661596421 German scientists from Lister Institute isolated the diphtheria antitoxin, which led to the development of a vaccine.]]> 2023-08-14 15:34:16 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661596421 3195789663 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661597883 Germans isolated and and used acetone produced by plants to make bombs. Yeast was grown in large quantities. Microorganism activated sludge was used for the sewage treatment process.]]> 2023-08-14 15:36:28 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661597883 3195789663 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661599775 Hungarian Karl Ereky coined the term "biotechnology" for the first time in print.]]> 2023-08-14 15:38:57 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2661599775 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2662038677 In 2012 scientists discovered a new genome editing tool called, CRISPR-Cas9. CRISPR is basically a pair of molecualr scissirs that allow scientist to "edit" DNA. The application of CRISPR can be used for  things, such as the modification of sperm and eggs to remove any unwanted or harmful traits. In its prime CRISPR was somewhat controversal. Many believed incluuding scientist working with the tool that an embryo could not survive the trauma that CRISPR would cause while trying to fix a genome. 
https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/27/biomedical-breakthroughs-of-the-2010s-crispr-hep-c-treatment-prep.html#:~:text=The%20discovery%20of%20CRISPR%2FCas9&text=It's%20essentially%20a%20pair%20of,risks%20to%20making%20these%20modifications
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/31/health/crispr-genetics-embryos.html#:~:text=Crispr%2DCas9%20treatments%20have%20already,mistakes%20made%20along%20the%20way.
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-crispr-cas9/

]]> 2023-08-15 03:57:05 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2662038677 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2662054098 In 2017 a compaany called AbbVie created a drug they claimed could cure Hepatitis C. Hepatitis is a virus. It maily targets the liver and causes it to become inflamated. The drug AbbVie created said to cure HCV in 8 weeks compared to the first approved hepatitis c drug Gilead in 12 weeks. The problem many people had with this drug was the price of it. Many users complained about how expensive the drug was and that treatmetn would be almost impossible for thoose that dont have health care or just simply cant afford it. 
https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/27/biomedical-breakthroughs-of-the-2010s-crispr-hep-c-treatment-prep.html#:~:text=The%20discovery%20of%20CRISPR%2FCas9&text=It's%20essentially%20a%20pair%20of,risks%20to%20making%20these%20modifications
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-c/symptoms-causes/syc-20354278]]> 2023-08-15 04:12:58 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2662054098 8896720583 https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2662061023 The Ebola Virus is not just one thing. It is made up of several different ebola virus' that are dependent upon location and syptoms, treatments, and cures. In 2019 Europe approved and regualted the immunization for the Ebola Virus. The United States followed soon after. The company Mertek says it expected the vaccine to be mass produced in the summer of 2020. 
https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/about.html
https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/27/biomedical-breakthroughs-of-the-2010s-crispr-hep-c-treatment-prep.html#:~:text=The%20discovery%20of%20CRISPR%2FCas9&text=It's%20essentially%20a%20pair%20of,risks%20to%20making%20these%20modifications]]> 2023-08-15 04:26:55 UTC https://padlet.com/3503635459/7uf1x655mz16a7ov/wish/2662061023