My phenomenal wall by Jan Reid https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye Made with joy en-us 2017-11-15 11:16:55 UTC 2025-12-08 12:48:49 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Shakinghands.png Psychological therapies for depression and schizophrenia janet_reid https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207130381 Add to the wall, include:
which disorder you are researching
which treatment and what is it
how does the treatment work
evaluate the treatment - is it effective?

]]> 2017-11-15 11:19:46 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207130381 Drugs - What They Are, How They Are, Evaluate https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207133590 *Drugs interact with receptors or enzymes in cells to promote healthy functioning and reduce/cure illness. 
*Heavily researched and tested, however they might have unexpected effects. ]]> 2017-11-15 11:31:05 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207133590 Electroconvulsive Therapy (Schizophrenia) jellyfeesch https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207133689 Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) involves triggering an epileptic seizure by sending electrical currents through the non-dominant hemisphere of the brain, a procedure repeated over several weeks. In the present day, ECT is given under general anesthetic with muscle relaxers to reduce complications that can arise from violent convulsions.

Though no one’s quite sure why it works, ETC had been proven to change the way blood flows and also how energy is used in the brain.

Evaluation:
- Controversial method, associated with a time it was inflicted against a person’s will without anesthetic.
- Can cause memory loss (usually STM).
+ According to the ETC Acredditation Service survey 2012-2013, 1712 people out of a total of 1789 participants improved after ECT. (Note: this survey was carried out by a pro-ECT organisation so results may be skewed favourably)]]> 2017-11-15 11:31:24 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207133689 CBT depression https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207133789 CBT is cognitive behavioural therapy. it is a form treatment that helps individuals understand their thoughts and feeling that can influence behaviours. it is commonly used to treat a wide range of disorders such as phobias, addictions, depression, and anxiety. ]]> 2017-11-15 11:31:46 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207133789 Electro Convulsive Therapy- What is it? (Depression) https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207134174 ECT is a treatment that involves sending an electric current between 70 and 150 volts through the brain for 1 to 4 seconds to induce a convulsive seizure. This is thought to relieve the symptoms of depression and other mental disorders. Treatments are 2 to 3 times per week initially for 8 treatments, although the treatment can continue for up to 6 months]]> 2017-11-15 11:33:19 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207134174 Drugs - What They Are, How They Are, Evaluate https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207134401 *Prescribed by a Doctor or licensed mental health professional.
*Can be taken orally in pill, capsule or liquid form and can be injected.
*Short or long term. 
*Antidepressants relieve symptoms of depression. 
 *For example - Fluoxetine is a option for treating depression and is a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SRI), it has less unwanted side effects than older antidepressants and comes in tablets or capsules form. ]]> 2017-11-15 11:34:09 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207134401 ECT ( schizophrenia) https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207134811 ECT electroconvulsive therapy is a treatment that involves an electric current being sent through to the brain. Which then triggers an epileptic seizure resulting in relief of some mental health problems such as schizophrenia. For the treatment the patient is under a general anaesthetic also muscle relaxants are used to to help the muscles to only twitch slightly so the body doesn't convulse during the seizure. 

Nobody can be certain how ECT works, but it's said to make a change in the way the blood flows to the brain also shows a change in the way the energy is used in the brain. 

Disadvantages of ECT could be memory loss ( which is said to be common after seizures caused by epilepsy ). Although said to only be short term they can also be long lasting in some patients and in some cases cause anxiety. People also have a false impression of ECT and what it's like. They compare it to how it was conducted in past years where it was seen as quite barbaric causing fear in people. 

Advantages of ECT could be it's used to treat patients who are seen to be a threat to themselves in a more quicker and effective way then medication. It's also been shown to help 78% of people with clinical depression and said to be a safe procedure also safe enough for pregnant women to have]]> 2017-11-15 11:35:55 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207134811 How CBT works in depression https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207134994 It helps people to develop different ways of thinking and behaving this intern reduces psychological distress. 

The cognitive therapists teaches patients how to identify distorted cognitions through a process of evaluation. The patients learn how to discriminate between their own thoughts and reality. They are also taught how to recognise, observe, and monitor their own thoughts. 

The therapist will set tasks for the patient to enable them to challenge their own irrational beliefs, this encourages the patient to identify their own unhelpful beliefs and then proves them wrong. The result of this is that their beliefs begin to change. ]]> 2017-11-15 11:36:43 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207134994 Electro Convulsive Therapy- How it Works (Depression) https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207135370 There is no definitive reason as to why ECT works, but it is believed that the seizures stimulate biochemical changes to neural activity in the brain. Such changes can include increasing blood flow to the frontal lobes or increasing the availability of monoamines. ]]> 2017-11-15 11:38:11 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207135370 Medication for schizophrenia: https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207136397 Medication can come in different forms such as; daily oral antipsychotics, long-acting injectables- can be administered bi-weekly, monthly or 3 monthly, medication to speciafically address possible side effects of antipsychotics.
It is recommended that medication is complimentary to other therapies.
Advantages:
Reduce risk of relapse and hospitalisation for those who have achieved symptom control.
If symptoms appear, medication can be increased.
Oral medication is convenient, can be self administered, available in different forms such as tablet or liquid.
Can help with hillusinations, delusions, thought disorder or mood swings.
Medication is effective for 4 out of 5 people.
Can start within 2-3 days
Disadvantages:
If medication is missed it can cause relapse.
Injections need health care professionals.
Cannot cure but can control.
Medication is not effective for everyone.
May take 4-6 weeks.
Types of antipsychotics:
Typical antipsychotics- the first generation developed in 1950s
Atypical antipsychotics- newer generation developed in 1990s  
Older drugs such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine are dopamine blockers
Newer drugs focus less on dopamine blocking so also work on different chemical messages. 
Clozapine seems to be the only antsy hoy in medication which works better than the others. It seems to reduce suicidal feelings in people with schizophrenia. It has many of the usual side effects of the newer drugs. But can also make someone produce more salvia. ]]> 2017-11-15 11:41:54 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207136397 Electro Convulsive Therapy- Studies/Research To Evaluate (Depression) https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207136818 Strengths
Taylor (2007) - found that 55% of depressed people responded to treatment of ECT, increasing to a response rate of between 80%-90% in cases of those with severe depression when ECT was used as the initial treatment.

Paguin et al (2008) - conducted a comparative meta-analysis on ECT, placebo's and anti-depressant drugs. Findings showed that ECT had the highest response rate, suggesting that it is a valid treatment for depression, especially for those with drug-resistant forms.

Atunes et al (2009) - concluded ECT was more effective than drugs with remission rates at 50%-80%. Quality of life and patient perceptions showed improvement after an assessment focused on patient perception, symptom remission and cognitive impairment was conducted. This suggests ECT is an appropriate treatment.

Weaknesses
Devanand et al (1994) - Found no evidence in a research review that ECT caused many side effects such as long term memory loss, and even structural damage to the brain.

Sterling (1978) - Argued that ECT causes brain damage similar to that observed in brain trauma cases.]]> 2017-11-15 11:43:30 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207136818 Drugs - What They Are, How They Are, Evaluate https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207136984 Although drugs can be ideal as a short term solution patients can become reliant on them putting them at risk of addiction or misuse. ]]> 2017-11-15 11:44:12 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207136984 Evaluation of CBT depression. https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207138251 Strengths 
Human cognitive abilities have been responsible for our many accomplishments so may also be responsible for our problems. 

Cognitive theories lend themselves to testing. When experimental subjects are manipulated into adopting unpleasant assumptions or thought they became more anxious and depressed.

Cognitive therapy has been well know for treating depression and is more successful than drug therapy. 

]]> 2017-11-15 11:49:48 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207138251 Electro Convulsive Therapy- Ethical Issues (Depression) https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207139294 The National Associated for Mental Health (MIND) have states there are ethical issues such as lack of ability to give informed consent for the treatments because the Mental Health Act (1983) states that a personal can be compulsorily admitted to a psychiatric hospital to receive therapy with consent and against the patients wishes. ]]> 2017-11-15 11:54:33 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207139294 Evaluation of CBT depression. https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207139769 Weakness
The precise role of cognitive processes is yet to be determined. It is not clear whether faulty cognitions are a cause of the psychopathology or a consequence of it. 

Lewinsohn (1981) observed a group of patients before any of them showed signs of depression and found that those who later became depressed were no more likely to have negative thoughts than those who did not develop depression. This may show that hopeless and negative thinking may be the result of depression, and not the cause of it. 

The cognitive model is only looking at a small area of the thinking process, needs to look at a wider area of depression.

]]> 2017-11-15 11:56:32 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207139769 CBT- Schizophrenia https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207139949
Therapeutic techniques used for patients with schizophrenia. Links are established between thoughts, feelings and actions in an accpeting atmosphere. Adgenders are set and used but are generally flexibly developed than traditional CBT. The duration of therapy varies according to the individuals need, they are generally between 12-20 sessions, but with an option of a booster session.]]> 2017-11-15 11:57:13 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207139949 How CBT works with schizophrenia https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207141699 It can help people live better lives and can reduce the symptoms as well as reduse with a relapse.
A psychotherapist helps a person change potentially harmful or distructive beliefs and behaviours into healthy and positive beliefs. It can also help identify triggers and help to handle their responses.]]> 2017-11-15 12:05:26 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207141699 Evaluation of CBT schizophrenia https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207143013 Strengths
CBT can significantly improve both negative and positive symptoms in different subgroups.
There is no evidence suicidality develops during CBT.
Compared to pharmacologic therapy the dropout rates are low at 12% in randomised controlled trials.
The proven efficacy is also cost-effective.
several comparion treatments (e.g. supportive counseling) have shown to have an effect on the number of symptoms, but CBT has shown to have a clear superiority in duriability.
CBT equips patients with tools they can use to fight back the syptoms long after the therapy has ended.]]> 2017-11-15 12:11:23 UTC https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207143013 Evaluation of CBT schizophrenia https://padlet.com/janet_reid/7trlalddplye/wish/207145693 Weaknesses
 It is wrong to belive CBT can only be used in a formal therapy setting.
Many aspects can be implimented, including the ABC model, normalisation and the search for an alternative explanation.
Does not nessicarily require formal traing in CBT.
Lack of supervision and fully accredited therapists are obsticles and may not live up to standard requirements.

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