Blatty, D. (2023, July 6). W.E.B. Du bois and Booker T. Washington had clashing ideologies during the civil rights movement. Biography. https://www.biography.com/activists/web-dubois-vs-booker-t-washington

Booker T. Washington. (1998, July 20). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Booker-T-Washington

Booker T. Washington. (2009, October 29). HISTORY. https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/booker-t-washington

The debate between W.E.B. Du bois and Booker T. Washington. (2019, January 18). FRONTLINE. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/debate-w-e-b-du-bois-and-booker-t-washington/

Dortch, J. (2022, January 25). The great debate: Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. Du bois. AFRO American Newspapers. https://afro.com/the-great-debate-booker-t-washington-vs-w-e-b-du-bois/

Ej905153. (n.d.). ERIC - Education Resources Information Center. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ905153

W.E.B. Du bois and the rise of Black education · Seeking to tell a story: From slavery to civil rights · AUC Woodruff library digital exhibits. (n.d.). Browse Exhibits · AUC Woodruff Library Digital Exhibits. https://digitalexhibits.auctr.edu/exhibits/show/seekingtotell/education

W.E.B. Dubois critiques Booker T. Washington. (n.d.). History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web. https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/40

Washington and du bois: The great debate – Issues and debates in African American literature. (n.d.). Library, Museums and Press – Online Exhibitions. https://exhibitions.lib.udel.edu/issues-and-debates-in-african-american-literature/home/washington-and-du-bois-the-great-debate/

• Washington was born into slavery, so he grew up surrounded by injustice and experienced it every day.

• Dubois was born into a free African American family and diverse community. He was not really exposed to racial injustice till he was at university.

• Washington believed that if African Americans could become more economically independent and intelligent, then that would help bridge the gap between whites and blacks, and eventually help put an end to slavery.

• W.E.B. Du Bois' only hope was for the freedom of African American slaves in the United States, and for it to happen quickly. He firmly believed that education and civil rights were the only way to make quality a reality. 

• Washington was a man of physical action through fundraising for institute's and organizations

• W.E.B. Du Bois wrote articles and other works on the conditions of Black Americans

• W.E.B. Du Bois did later on establish the Niagara political group in hopes of taking political action

  
  

• Booker T. Washington "urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity."

• W.E.B publicly disagreed with Washington and stated that he felt Washington's approach would only further white oppression.

• W.E.B wanted to take political action and a civil rights agenda. He then founded the NAACP and the "Talented Tenth"

• “The Negro Race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education then, among Negroes, must first of all deal with the “Talented Tenth.” It is the problem of developing the best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the worst.”

• Their contradicting views divided African Americans into two separate wings: "conservatives" were supporters of Washington and the "radicals" were considered his critics.

  
  

  
  

• Hampton University, one of the first all black universities, was where Washington adopted his belief that through the education of "trades" work, equality could eventually be achieved.

• Du Bois attended Fisk University, another one of the first HBCUs, and then graduated with his PhD from Harvard.

• Du Bois' exposure to the vast difference between his educational experience and that of white Americans is what drove him to believe "equality by means of education was a priority."