Importance of managing technology

• technological change

• shortened product life cycles

• increasing international competition

Technology management not same with management technology

• technology management: competitive advantage

• management technology: decision making

Framework in technology management: science & engineering

Role of firms in technology:

1. drivers of change

   • create new product, transform industries

   • example: Nokia

2. beneficiaries of change

   • adopt efficient technology can improve value

   • example: create new product

3. victims of technology change

   • example: KODAK (compete with new technology)

Factor promote technology management

1. speed of technological change

   • rapid pace

   • new technology develop

2. trade blocs (perdagangan)

   • benefits: economic growth

3. change in scope

4. changes in competition

   • technological advancement & market trends

Classification of Technology

1. new technology

   • newly introduced that has explicit impact

2. emerging technology

   • not fully commercialized

   • example: blockchain technology

3. high technology

   • sophisticated technologies (teknologi canggih)

   • example: use AI / cloud computing

4. low technology

   • human society

5. medium technology

   • between high and low technology

6. appropriate technology

Tacit vs Codified technology

• Tacit: pengetahuan yang sukar dikongsi secara formal

• Codified: knowledge representation

- categories of technology

1. process technology

   • Technoware: (transformation facilities)

     - about physical technology such as tools or machinery

     - enhance human physical powers

   • Humanware : (individual abilities)

     - skills to operate machine

     - change through a process of learning new things

   • Orgaware: (organizational framework)

     - work convention: beliefs & principle

     - work organization: management technique to plan production

     - work facilitation: for quality assurance

     - work evaluation: monitor performances

     - work modification: performance improvement

   • Inforware: (documented facts)

     - catagories:

     1. technoware-specific inforware (TSI)

        • inforware need to operate, maintain, improve

     2. humanware-specific inforware (HSI)

        • need to obtain a good understanding of manufacturing

     3. orgaware-specific inforware (OSI)

        • need to ensure effective usage

2. product technology

   • product design inforware

     - design foundation inforware (dfi)

     - design backup inforware (dbi)

     - design specification inforware (dsi)

     
     

   • product usage inforware

     - product operating inforware (poi)

     - product maintenance inforware (pmi)

     - product performance-enhancing inforware (ppi)

     
     

- Degrees of sophistication of Technology

• Technoware

  - increasing integration of additional function in physical facilities

• Humanware

  - implies amplification of human ability and creativity

  - indicates increasing level of competence of all individual engage by enterprise

• Inforware

  - result from accumulation of knowledge through collection, processing

• Orgaware

  - increasing use of management technique for better performance

  - improve overall performance in marketplace

• to establish an early warning system to control as to minimizing the public risk

• develop ways & means of mitigating the problems created by current technologies application

TA is more than EIA (environmental impact assessment)

• select technologies that no affect stability of ecosystem

• minimization of the adverse effect

Role of TA:

1. evaluation of appropriateness of technologies for transfer and adaption

   • identification of existing technologies available in develop countries

2. selection of technologies for development

   • identification of existing indigenous or exogenous technologies that consistent with national goal

3. control of inappropriate technologies for the protection of environment

   • identification of corrective measures for both local and imported technologies

Role of TA in business: provide management with insight of development

Technology Evaluation Factor:

1. technological factor

2. economic factor

3. resources factor

4. environmental factor

5. population factor

6. politico-legal factor

Process of TA:

1. identification of the problem

2. description of alternatives being assesses

3. establishment of assessment factors

4. evaluation of expected effects

5. formulation of action options

6. choice of suitable action

Tools and Technique of TA:

• Quantitative in nature

  - cost benefit analysis

• Qualitative in nature

  - involves collection, analysis, and interpretation of data

• planning tool for the existing R&D organization of the develop world

• R&D activities are expensive, hence a luxury resources which poor developing countries cannot afford

Reason Justify the Need & Usefulness of TF

• have to import technologies from develop countries

• technology is surrounding-specific

• need to engaged in producing "appropriateness technology"

• pay for imported technology (have to import something)

• human resources

General Features of TF

1. bright

2. centron

3. martino

4. prehoda

Approaches of Technology Forecasting

1. exploratory/capability oriented approach

   • seek to project the technological state of the art into future

2. normative/goal oriented approach

   • involve setting up the future goal

3. dynamic/combination approach

   • necessary to employ a combination of techniques

Tools and Techniques of TF

• intuitive models

• trend extrapolation models

• structural models

• holistic models

Applications of Technological Forecasting

• science and technology policy planning

• governmental decisions

• R&D planning

• new product development

• technology advancement

• business and industries

Concept Technology Transfer

• person to person interaction

• smaller firm have more least to lose

• 2-way process (parallel transfer)

• some firm created mainly to manage technology

• operating globally means operating with partners

Stage in Technology Transfer

1. Relocation Phase

   • identification of a specific technology & donor organization

   • legal arrangement to accomplish the transfer

2. Absorption Phase

   • design after technology arrives in foreign country

   • complete when receiver masters the technology

Improvement in Stage of Transfer

1. the choice of technology

   • quality of technology directly proportional to access on information

2. the choice of donor organization

   • heavily dependant on access to information about potential sources

Types of Technology Transfer

• international technology transfer

• regional technology transfer

• cross-industry/cross sector

• interfirm technology transfer

• intrafirm technology transfer

Barriers to Effective Technology Transfer

1. technical transfer

   • transfer technology without people transfer

2. attitudinal transfer

   • difference in attitude of personnel toward time

Technology Transfer Channel

• General

  - proceed without the continued involvement of the source

  - example: education, training, publication

• Reverse Engineering Channel

  - occurs with no active contribution

• Planned Channel

  - done intentionally according to a planned process

Technology Interface With Market (customer & supplier)

• implementation of technology should always be tied to need organization

• periodicals check should be made to see the need of marketplace

• strong customer-supplier relationship will help in effective adoption

Market Integration with Technology

• technology introduce must satisfy business need of organization to satisfy need of customer

Technology Integration

1. develop new product

   - ability to develop difference technology into a product

2. commercializing a product

   - almost pre-requisite for commercialization

Relationship: Customer-Supplier & Producer-Users

• small organization dependant on a large organization

• franchising as alternative to keep-up-to-date of new technology

• introduction of technology involve a customer-supplier/producer-user relationship

Important of Benchmarking

1. aware of need to introduce new technology

2. main catalyst for evaluation and implementation of technology

3. remain competitive

4. monitoring its impact

Integration Element

• due diligence: full examination to be purchased prior consummation of deal

• Shared lessons: knowledge of two entities that aligning to reach goal

• blended structure and cultures