Microfiltration is used as pre-treatment before ultra-filtration or reverse osmosis. It removes the suspended particles and colloidal and reduce the rate of fouling in subsequent ultra-filtration or reverse osmosis process.

Exp:  

1.       Removal of oil droplets and fat globules 

2.       Removal of bacteria from milk 

3.       Pre-treatment of cheese whey. 

4.       Removal of suspended solids and fat present in the brine used in fish processing and cheese making

5.       Pre-filtration of wastewater streams generated in food processing.

 Ultra-filtration

Ultra-filtration is used in dairy industry mainly for two purposes which is production of protein concentrates from whey and cheese from milk. Another example of application for food industry. 

Exp:

1.       Clarification of apple juice.

2.       Rejection of polyphenols and Brown color (discoloration) in apple juice.

3.       Clarification of Hot tea extract.

  Nano-filtration

The important application of Nano-filtration is water softening where retention of bivalent ions of Ca and Mg produces hardness free water. Example of application of Nano-filtration is,

Exp:

1.       Purification of lactic acid and amino acids in Silage juice

2.       Desalination of soy sauce.

3.       Demineralization of whey.

    Reverse osmosis

Reverse osmosis is used for water purification, recovery of sugar from candy, recovery of oil-seed protein, concentration of dilute solution

Exp: 

1.       Concentration of apple juice

2.       Dealcoholization

3.       Retention of carboxylic acids.

 Electro dialysis

The principal applications of electro dialysis are demineralization, desalting, acidification or de-acidification of liquid foods.

Exp:

1.       Demineralization of skim milk

2.       Stabilization of Sherry wines

3.       Lactic Acid recovery from lactic acid solution.

4.       Citrate recovery from aqueous solution.

Advantages membrane separation technologies in food industry

1.       Membrane separation processes can be used as alternatives to conventional processing methods in a way that the formers assist more economic production and better-quality products in terms of both technological functionalities and nutrition value.
2.        Membrane separation processes are considered green technology due to their higher efficiency in energy usage and the winging away from using chemicals and additives, which is both better for environment and human health.

3.       There is no phase change, so the loss of volatile components such as aromatic substances is less, and the original fragrance can be maintained. Compared with the separation method with phase change and other separation methods, the energy consumption is low. When separating water, the cost is about half of evaporation concentration or freezing concentration.
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