The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking. 

Before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines. For one, it had great deposits of coal and iron ore, which proved essential for industrialization. Britain was a politically stable society, as well as the world’s leading colonial power, which meant its colonies could serve as a source for raw materials, as well as a marketplace for manufactured goods.
INNOVATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
 The textile industry, in particular, was transformed by industrialization.  Before mechanization and factories, textiles were made mainly in people’s homes (giving rise to the term cottage industry), with merchants often providing the raw materials and basic equipment, and then picking up the finished product.  For example, around 1764, Englishman James Hargreaves (1722-1778) invented the spinning jenny (“jenny” was an early abbreviation of the word “engine”), a machine that enabled an individual to produce multiple spools of threads simultaneously.  Another key innovation in textiles, the power loom, which mechanized the process of weaving cloth, was developed in the 1780s by English inventor Edmund Cartwright (1743-1823). 
 In the 1850s, British engineer Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) developed the first inexpensive process for mass-producing steel. Both iron and steel became essential materials, used to make everything from appliances, tools and machines, to ships, buildings and infrastructure. 

The Industrial Revolution took place from the 18th to 19th centuries. It was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking. While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes

Britain: Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution 

Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines. Many factors have contributed to the birth of the industrial revolution  in britain. it had great deposits of coal and iron ore. Britain was a politically stable society.the merchants needed more cost-effective methods of production, which led to the rise of mechanization and the factory system.

Innovation and Industrialization 

The textile industry,,was transformed by industrialization.  In the 1700s, a series of innovations led to ever-increasing productivity, while requiring less human energy. For example, around 1764, Englishman James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny (“jenny” was an early abbreviation of the word “engine”), a machine that enabled an individual to produce multiple spools of threads simultaneously.  The spinning jenny was improved upon by British inventor Samuel Compton. Another key innovation in textiles, the power loom, which mechanized the process of weaving cloth, was developed in the 1780s by English inventor Edmund Cartwright.Developments in the iron industry also played a central role in the Industrial Revolution.  In the 1850s, British engineer Henry Bessemer developed the first inexpensive process for mass-producing steel. Both iron and steel became essential materials, used to make everything from appliances, tools and machines, to ships, buildings and infrastructure.The steam engine was also integral to industrialization. In 1712, Englishman Thomas Newcomendeveloped the first practical steam engine. By the 1770s, Scottish inventor James Watt had improved on Newcomen’s work, and the steam engine went on to power machinery, locomotives and ships during the Industrial Revolution.

Transportation and the Industrial Revolution 

The transportation industry also underwent have a transformation during the Industrial Revolution. Before the advent of the steam engine, raw materials and finished goods were hauled  via horse-drawn wagons, a In the early 1800s, American Robert Fulton built the first commercially successful steamboat, and by the mid-19th century, steamships were carrying freight across the Atlantic.  In the early 1800s, British engineer Richard Trevithick constructed the first railway steam locomotive. By 1850, Britain had more than 6,000 miles of railroad track. Additionally, around 1820, Scottish engineer John McAdam developed a new process for road construction. His technique, which became known as macadam, resulted in roads that were smoother, more durable and less muddy.

Communication and Banking in the Industrial Revolution  

Communication became easier during the Industrial Revolution with such inventions as the telegraph.The inventors of telegraph are william Cooke and charls wheatsone  in 1866, a telegraph cable was successfully laid across the Atlantic.The Industrial  New York Stock Exchange was founded in the early 1790s. Adam smith is considered the founder of the modern economy

 he published “The Wealth of Nations.” Smith promoted an economic system based on free enterprise, the private ownership of means of production, and lack of government interference.

Quality of Life during Industrialization 

The Industrial Revolution raised the standard of living for many people, particularly for the middle and upper classes. However, life for the poor and working classes continued to be filled with challenges. Wages for those who labored in factories were low and working conditions could be dangerous and monotonous. Children were part of the labor force and often worked long hours and were used for such highly hazardous tasks as cleaning the machinery. in the  19th century,  the government instituted various labor reforms and workers gained the right to form trade unions.

Industrialization Moves Beyond Britain 

Industrialization spread from Britain to other European countries, including Belgium, France and Germany, and to the United States. By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western part of Europe and America’s northeastern region. By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the world’s leading industrial nation.

But this advent also brought bad living conditions for poor and working classes.

The “first” Revolution starts in Britain in the late 1700s.

 Britain had great deposits of coal and iron ore and it was a politically stable society, so it signed Britain like industrial revolution birthplace.

Before the I.R. most people resided in small communities, where life for the average person was difficult, and malnourishment and disease were common.

Most manufacturing goods was done in homes or small, rural shops called “cottages”, using hand tools or simple machines.

The textile industry was transformed by industrialization.

Around 1764, James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, a machine that enabled an individual to produce multiple spools of threads simultaneously.

Another “key” was the power loom, which mechanized the process of weaving, which was developed by Cartwright.

In the 18^th century there was developments in the iron industry, for example, Abraham Darby discovered a cheaper method to produce cast iron, using a coke-fueled furnace.

Both iron and steel became essential materials, used to make everything, like tools, machines, ships etc.

The steam engine was invented in 1712 by Newcomen, and it was used in machinery, locomotives and ships.

Before the invention of the steam engine, raw materials and finished goods were distributed via horse-drawn wagons, and by boats.

Around 1820 John McAdam developed a new process for road construction which resulted in smoother and less muddy roads.

Then Trevithick and Fulton built first successful steamboat and steamlocomotive, so, transportation was highly improved.

The “second” Revolution starts with Nikolaus August Otto, a german engineer which used wood and coal like energy power to built the first “Internal Combustion Engine”.

In this period there were 3 important men that must be considered:

Frederick W. Taylor, Henry Fayol and Henry ford.

Taylor and Fayol “reformed” the company structure, making the “tasks subdivision”

Taylor also invented the HS (high speed steel), wich was improved in HSS (super high speed steel), and he developed the process of mass-producing steel.

Instead, Henry Ford took care of vehicles construction, and he invented the “Assembly Line”. 

A typical fordist factory was an enormous construction, with thousands of mass workers. The work was extremely simple repetition of the same phases. It was divided into small parts and it was managed by tailoristic methods. The work demanded no particular skill. The production was organized in a very hierarchical way and single workers didn’t control the totality of the production process. The organization of work belonged to technical executives, which usually functioned in separate areas and in the direct control of the leadership. In the factories the workers used mechanical devices and simple machines. Concerning the results the fordist factory was based on large serial productions of standardized products.

 

Ford introduced the Model T, the first car to be affordable for most Americans, in October 1908. Simple to drive and cheap to repair following Ford’s invention of the assembly line, nearly half of all cars in America in 1918 were Model T's.

 

Henry Ford invented assembly line in 1913, taking inspiration from conveyor belt system used in slaughterhouses. This new technique decreased the amount of time it took to build a car from 12 hours to two and a half, which in turn lowered the cost of the Model T.

The assembly line is the principal way of manufacturing in industry today. Automobiles, food, toys, furniture, and many more items pass down assembly lines worldwide before landing in our homes and on our tables.

PLANNED ECONOMIES
Scientific management appealed to managers of planned economies because central economic planning relies on the idea that the expenses that go into economic production can be precisely predicted and can be optimized by design.

 TAYLOR’S BOOK
Taylor wrote four books, but the most important was “ The Principles of Scientific Management”. This book spoke about the principles of  scientific management, or industrial era organization and decision theory. Taylor pointed out that while a large movement had started to conserve material resources, the less visible and less tangible effects of the wasted human effort was only vaguely appreciated. He listed three goals for the work: 
First: To point out, through a series of simple illustrations, the great loss which the whole country is suffering through inefficiency in almost all of our daily acts.

Second: To try to convince the reader that the remedy for this inefficiency lies in systematic management.

Third: To prove that the best management is a true science, resting upon clearly defined laws, rules, and principles, as a foundation.