From Citizens to Consumers Timeline (F21) by Chandler Miranda https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants Labaree 2010 en-us 2021-09-15 13:30:14 UTC 2023-04-03 00:22:12 UTC hello@padlet.com 1893 - Report of the Committee of Ten on Secondary School https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743785406 A committee proposed to the National Educational Association (NEA) a new structure for the high school curriculum, establishing a standardized core curriculum. ]]> 2021-09-15 19:11:13 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743785406 Early 1900s https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743797829 In response to the proposal, progressivism burst over the country and common core exacerbated an existing culture of meritocracy in the early 20th century
  • Their logic: if everyone “has access to the same resources,” it’s their fault if they’re still in poverty

]]> 2021-09-15 19:17:04 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743797829 1945 - Establishment of United Nations cs4103 https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743799006 The UN was officially established with five permanent members of the Security Council - US, UK, France, Soviet Union, and the Republic of China, along with a majority of 46 signatories. ]]> 2021-09-15 19:17:38 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743799006 1852 -First Compulsory Attendance law https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743802042 Massachusetts establishes first compulsory attendance law requiring all children to attend school ]]> 2021-09-15 19:19:05 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743802042 1866- Civil Rights Act of 1866 cs4103 https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743806065 Declared that all persons born in the United States to be citizens despite of class, race and status. ]]> 2021-09-15 19:21:08 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743806065 Horace Mann’s Fifth Annual Report (1841) https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743806270
  • Raised the idea of "value of education as an investment in human capital" (19), but argument was pretty weak. 
  • Emphasizes the national economic benefits of public education, but these benefits were presented as a “supporting role in the ‘higher and nobler’ mission of supporting republican community” (19). 
    • Labaree, Someone Has to Fail

    ]]>     2021-09-15 19:21:14 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743806270     2001: inauguration of President George W. Bush https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743806959 2021-09-15 19:21:34 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743806959 1939- Start of World War II cs4103 https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743809147 2021-09-15 19:22:40 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743809147 Horace Mann’s Twelfth Annual Report (1848) https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743809404
  • “Education, then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men—the balance-wheel of the social machinery . ... The spread of education, by enlarging the cultivated class or caste, will open a wider area over which the social feelings will expand; and, if this education should be universal and complete it. would do more than all things else to obliterate factitious distinctions in society.”
    • Labaree, Someone Has to Fail

    ]]>     2021-09-15 19:22:49 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743809404     January 2002 - No Child Left Behind Act https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743810022 In January 2002, President Bush signs the NCLB Act into law. The law has bipartisan support in congress and requires states to test students in reading and math from grades 3-12. Movement towards standards-based education, i.e. measuring academic ‘success’ by test scores.]]> 2021-09-15 19:23:09 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743810022 1918 - Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743810088
  • Schools exist to help individuals adapt to the needs of society; as society becomes more complex, schools must transform themselves accordingly; and in this way they will help citizens develop the socially needed qualities of ''intelligence and efficiency."
  • More of a focus on “socially efficient” education, but there was still a belief that education was for the public good.
  • The 7 “main objectives of education”:
    Health, Command of fundamental processes, Worthy home membership, Vocation, Citizenship, Worthy use of leisure, Ethical character





    • ]]>     2021-09-15 19:23:11 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743810088     1917 - The Smith-Hughes Act https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743811111 This bill gave federal funding towards secondary schools providing them with vocational training for teachers. ]]> 2021-09-15 19:23:45 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743811111 1983 - A Nation at Risk https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743811523 President Ronald Reagan’s Secretary of Education published a landmark report about the dire state of the American education system. The report gave several suggestions on how to improve schools, such as more standardized testing, more funding, and curriculum changes. The report caused a wave of education reform at the local, state, and federal level.]]> 2021-09-15 19:23:57 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743811523 2001 Attack against the Twin Towers of World Trade Center cs4103 https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743811688 2021-09-15 19:24:02 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743811688 1833 - Alabama anti-literacy law passed https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743812558 Alabama anti-literacy law passed, punishing any "free person of color or slave" taught how to read and write]]> 2021-09-15 19:24:27 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743812558 1976-The Supreme Court makes private schools' segregation illegal https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743813046 The Supreme Court brought out an additional decision, requiring private school to comply with the integration of races during admissions. If not, it is a violation of the federal civil rights law.]]> 2021-09-15 19:24:41 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743813046 1983 - Birth of the Internet https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743813552 2021-09-15 19:24:57 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743813552 1918 - WW1 ends https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743816105 2021-09-15 19:26:16 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743816105 1919 - the Progressive Education Association was formed https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743817091 This organization studied the effects of progressive education vs traditional education on children’s learning and academic results.]]> 2021-09-15 19:26:45 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743817091 December 2015: Every Student Succeeds Act https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743817521 In December 2015, the ESSA is signed into law. The ESSA is an update to NCLB that moves accountability for testing and budgeting from the federal government to the states.]]> 2021-09-15 19:26:57 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743817521 1831 - Virginia declares all meetings to teach free Black people illegal https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743818124
  • Virginia passes law declaring all meetings to teach free Black people illegal 

    • ]]>     2021-09-15 19:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743818124     1920 - Harlem Renaissance https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743818130 Black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes.]]> 2021-09-15 19:27:15 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743818130 1994-2001: Internet Access in Schools https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743818701 The National Center for Educational Statistics found that from 1994 to the fall of 2001, internet access in U.S. public schools increased from 35 percent to 99 percent.]]> 2021-09-15 19:27:33 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743818701 1920 - White women get the right to vote https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743818756 2021-09-15 19:27:35 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743818756 1987 - ACT UP - HIV/AIDS activist group formed https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743819225 2021-09-15 19:27:49 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743819225 COVID-19 https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743819292
  • Shift to virtual learning
  • Importance of schools and teachers brought to light
  • Mask mandates
  • “The analysis by The New York Times in conjunction with Stanford University shows that in those 33 states, 10,000 local public schools lost at least 20 percent of their kindergarteners. In 2019 and in 2018, only 4,000 or so schools experienced such steep drops.” (Dana Goldstein and Alicia Pariapiano)

    • ]]>     2021-09-15 19:27:52 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743819292     1920 - United Mine Workers of America is formed https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743819711 The first important unskilled workers labor union.]]> 2021-09-15 19:28:04 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743819711 1974-The General Education Provisions Act of 1974 https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743819832
  • Banned the use of federal funding for supporting school busing programs, meaning that school districts (and more importantly, the parents that support them) have to voluntarily opt into busing programs. Desegregation essentially becomes a choice, further pushing citizens towards being consumers.

    • ]]>     2021-09-15 19:28:08 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743819832     1925 - The Great Gatsby is published https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743820611 Promotes sentiment that there is a lot of cruelty in the achievement oriented society of the roaring twenties ]]> 2021-09-15 19:28:29 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743820611 2011 - Michelle Obama Implements National School Lunch Program in 2011 to combat childhood obesity https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743820810 2021-09-15 19:28:36 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743820810 2016 Completion of the Panama Canal Expansion Project cs4103 https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743821180 AKA Third Set of Locks Project. Allowed a new lane of traffic for larger number of ships with lessened travel time. ]]> 2021-09-15 19:28:45 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743821180 1926 - The SAT is administered to select students for the first time https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743821646 2021-09-15 19:28:58 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743821646 1840s- the rising prominence of women's schools and colleges https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743822212 2021-09-15 19:29:12 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743822212 1990 - "Politics, Markets and America's Schools" Published https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743822760
  • Argument 1: Schools are more successful when given greater autonomy
  • Argument 2: Democratic governance of schools leads to bureaucracy which is not as effective as market-based governance
  • “Markets are simply more efficient at promoting the school autonomy needed for effective teaching and learning” - Labaree



    • ]]>     2021-09-15 19:29:28 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743822760     1929 - Great Depression https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743822858 Funding for public education is cut. This causes school closures and teacher layoffs.]]> 2021-09-15 19:29:32 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743822858 1955 Start of Vietnam War cs4103 https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743823181 2021-09-15 19:29:43 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743823181 Higher Education Opportunity Act (2008) https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743823217 addition of more federal cognitive disability services and federal financial aid programs]]> 2021-09-15 19:29:44 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743823217 2011 - Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743823281 2021-09-15 19:29:46 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743823281 1933 - National Industrial Recover Act https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743823593 Enforces minimum wage and maximum hours.]]> 2021-09-15 19:29:56 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743823593 1933 - Frances Perkins becomes the U.S. secretary of labor. She is the woman to be appointed to the U.S. Cabinet. https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743824080 2021-09-15 19:30:11 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743824080 1958-National Defense Education Act https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743824492 - Goal was to enhance and strengthen the American school system through funds as a result of the push for international competition ]]> 2021-09-15 19:30:21 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743824492 1989 - Teach for America founded https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743824923 The non-profit organization that recruits college graduates to teach as corps members is founded by Wendy Kopp]]> 2021-09-15 19:30:30 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743824923 1933 - FDR takes office https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743825590 Proposes the New Deal, which were known as the three R’s (Relief, Reform, Recovery) in order to provide relief from the depression.]]> 2021-09-15 19:30:52 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743825590 1935 - Rate of Americans with high school diplomas is 40%, a rapid expansion from just 9% in 1910. https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743826168 2021-09-15 19:31:08 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743826168 1938 - Child labor laws begin https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743827013 2021-09-15 19:31:36 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743827013 1940 - Women start to be seen as worthy of vocational education as women take up “men’s roles” in the workforce while young men are drafted to war https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743828324 2021-09-15 19:32:19 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743828324 1870s to 1900s - Gilded Age https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743828755 The education of schools and universities during this time were focused on creating workers for the industrial work, since that was the focus of American economy.]]> 2021-09-15 19:32:33 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743828755 2018 - Stoneman Douglas High School shooting https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743829423 2021-09-15 19:32:53 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743829423 1994: Improving America's Schools Act https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743831094 In 1994, the Improving America's Schools Act was enacted to support high standards for all students, to implement professional experiences that better prepare teachers to teach to high standards, to provide flexibility for school districts and states to implement standards, to hold school districts responsible for meeting standards, and to promote familial and communal partnership.]]> 2021-09-15 19:33:40 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743831094 2012: Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743831662 In 2012, President Obama signs DACA into law, an immigration act that defers deportation for undocumented immigrants who moved to the United States as children.]]> 2021-09-15 19:34:00 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743831662 1840s - separation of church and public schools https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743832013 This is seen in the decision to end federal funding for Catholic schools as well as make the new public school curriculum different from that of a religious school.]]> 2021-09-15 19:34:11 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743832013 Port Royal Experiment (1862) https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743833481 Laura Town and Charlotte Forten began teaching a community of former slaves in the South Carolina Sea Islands ]]> 2021-09-15 19:34:48 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743833481 1972-Title IX https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743833644
  • It prohibits discrimination against students based on their sex in an educational institution.

    • ]]>     2021-09-15 19:34:53 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743833644     1969 Tinker v. Des Moines https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743834158 Ruled that neither students nor teachers “shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate”]]> 2021-09-15 19:35:10 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743834158 1990's - Major push for teacher qualifications https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743834670 With leadership from the Council of Chief State School Officers, many states begin to develop guidelines for teacher certifications. ]]> 2021-09-15 19:35:28 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743834670 1848 - establishment of grades https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743834852 Separation of students based on their age, inspired by the Prussian practice]]> 2021-09-15 19:35:33 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743834852 1992 - The first charter school in the country, City Academy, opens in St. Paul, Minnesota https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743834869 The idea behind charter schools was to create an alternative way of schooling that could not be done in traditional public schools. By 1995, 18 states followed Minnesotas lead by passing their own charter school legislation. However, the move was not without criticism. Many argued that charter schools would divert resources from public schools, thus damaging the system further. ]]> 2021-09-15 19:35:34 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743834869 1971 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743835377 Upheld the constitutionality of school busing programs as a tool of desegregation.

    ]]>     2021-09-15 19:35:50 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743835377     1994: School-to-Work Opportunities Act https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743836370 In 1994, the School-to-Work Opportunities Act established a national framework for School-to-Work Opportunities in all states. It reflects Labaree's noted shift in the purpose of education from forming citizens to forming laborers.]]> 2021-09-15 19:36:21 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743836370 1972 Mills v. The Board of Education of Washington, D.C. https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743837028 Extended the PARC v. Pennsylvania ruling, requires the provision of adequate alternative educational services suited to a child’s needs which includes special education

    ]]>     2021-09-15 19:36:40 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743837028     1849 - Ohio established segregated schools https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743837218 First schools made exclusively for black students.]]> 2021-09-15 19:36:46 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743837218 1973 - Rodriguez decision https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743838302 The Court’s decision in the 1973 San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez case argued that citizens are not entitled to an equally funded education. Because school funding is tied to property taxes, citizens further shift to becoming consumers that can choose better schools by moving to neighborhoods with higher property values.]]> 2021-09-15 19:37:20 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743838302 1965 - The Elementary and Secondary Education Act https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743838350 Part of President Johnson’s war on poverty, emphasized high standards and accountability

    ]]>     2021-09-15 19:37:21 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743838350     1999 - Columbine School Massacre https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743838588
    The Columbine High School Massacre was a school shooting and attempted bombing that occurred at a local high school in Colorado by two senior students. 12 students and 1 teacher were killed, making it the deadliest school shooting at the time. The day after the massacre, 55% of parents said they feared for their children's safety at school. Following shootings in the decades since have continued to strike fear in students and their parents. In 2018, 57% of teens said they were worried about a shooting at their school, and one in four said they were "very worried."

    ]]>     2021-09-15 19:37:30 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743838588     May 18, 1896 "Separate but Equal" https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743841076 The US Supreme Court ruled the Separate but equal principle of the Jim Crow Laws.]]> 2021-09-15 19:38:51 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743841076 April 20, 2018: National School Walkout https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743857558 Students across the nation protest against gun violence on National Walkout Day, also marking the 19th anniversary of the Columbine shooting]]> 2021-09-15 19:47:18 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743857558 2021: Ban of CRT in public schools https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743869924 As of September 2021, eight states (ID, OK, TN, TX, IA, NH, AZ, SC) have passed legislation banning the use or teaching of critical race theory in public schools.]]> 2021-09-15 19:54:00 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1743869924 Black Lives Matter (2013-Present) https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1754792964 Founded in response to the acquittal of Trayvon Martin, #BlackLivesMatter is an international group and and protest movement with the goal of eradicating white supremacy and countering acts of violence inflicted on Black communities.]]> 2021-09-20 17:21:53 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1754792964 May 2020-Present: Ongoing protests against white supremacist violence and police brutality https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1754827012 In response to the murder of several Black people at the hands of police officers and white vigilantes in 2020, multiple protests and protest actions took place and sparked a national conversation on Abolition, defunding the police, funding Black and low-income communities, and teaching Critical Race Theory in public schools. Those mourned during the protests include George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and Ahmaud Arbery.]]> 2021-09-20 17:33:17 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1754827012 1982- Board of Island Union Free School District v. Steven A. Pico amurtagh21 https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1755069000 “Our Constitution does not permit the official suppression of ideas.”]]> 2021-09-20 18:58:48 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1755069000 1892 - Introduction of the Pledge of Allegiance https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1755117129 Francis Bellamy introduces the Pledge of Allegiance, which became integrated into classroom practices across the country. The wording of the Pledge of Allegiance has been debated upon and revised several times since its original publication to reflect different political and religious agenda.]]> 2021-09-20 19:20:04 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1755117129 1954-Brown v.s. Board of Education https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779180683 -Segregated schools were announced illegal. ]]> 2021-09-29 19:31:26 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779180683 may 2020: detroit right to literacy ruling https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779196459 The 6th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled 2-1 in Gary B. v. Whitmer that students have a right to minimum education, namely the right to read.]]> 2021-09-29 19:38:48 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779196459 Grimm vs. Gloucester County School Board https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779201953 Gavin Grimm is a transgender boy who was forced to use the girl's bathroom for most of his high school experience. He was prohibited from using the common student restrooms and was forced to use a separate bathroom from other students due to his gender expression. The Grimm family sued the school for discrimination and as a result, the District Court ruled in his favor on August 26, 2020.]]> 2021-09-29 19:41:13 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779201953 1974-Vorchheimer vs. School District of Philadelphia https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779215443 Vorchheimer was rejected from Central High School on the basis of sex. She then filed a lawsuit against Central contending their exclusion of female students—which violated the Equal Protection Clause. Raised the question of whether U.S. Constitutional law required all public education systems to be co-ed. ]]> 2021-09-29 19:47:40 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779215443 March 2019: National School Climate Protest https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779221620 Students all around the world had a walkout on Friday to support climate reform. This movement was inspired by Greta Thunburg's ongoing protest.]]> 2021-09-29 19:50:41 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779221620 18-1900s - American Indian boarding schools https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779222255 American Indian boarding schools were established in the United States during the early 19th through the mid-20th centuries with a primary objective of "civilizing" or assimilating Native American children and youth into Euro-American culture.

    Children were typically immersed in European-American culture. Schools forced removal of indigenous cultural signifiers: cutting the children's hair, having them wear American-style uniforms, forbidding them from speaking their indigenous languages, and replacing their tribal names with English-language names.]]>     2021-09-29 19:51:01 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779222255     1988 the year of the least segregated schools https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779232256 2021-09-29 19:55:54 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779232256 1964 - Freedom Day https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779233654 New York City School Boycott 
    One of the largest protests in American history, even larger than the March on Washington. 
    Meant to protest quality of schools and lack of integration. ]]>     2021-09-29 19:56:33 UTC https://padlet.com/chandlermiranda1/7h391mto0w58ants/wish/1779233654