GROUP E: Cheryl Pugh Taylor, Lindsay May, Kendall Schoen, Heidi Echternacht by Heidi

GROUP E: Cheryl Pugh Taylor, Lindsay May, Kendall Schoen, Heidi Echternacht by Heidi https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x CI 560: Side Exhibit 104 en-us 2023-09-24 19:44:05 UTC 2025-11-06 15:44:58 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f514.png Three Perspectives of Childhood During the Age of Revolution 1830 to 1750 hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718164768 2023-09-24 19:47:29 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718164768 Three Perspectives of Childhood During the Colonial Era 1750 to 1600 hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718165003 2023-09-24 19:47:40 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718165003 Forgotten Children of Westward Expansion by Heidi Echternacht hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718170346 Zitkala-Sa, 1876- 1936 Author, teacher, leader and musician was taken from her home by Quakers to a boarding school for re-education.

"Like a slender tree, I had been uprooted from my mother, nature and God. I was shorn of my branches, now a cold, bare pole, I seem to be planted in a strange earth"

-American Masters, PBS

]]> 2023-09-24 19:55:24 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718170346 Useful Child during the Revolution Era by Lindsay May hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718180647 The growing colonial rejection of patriarchal rule which led to the Revolutionary War in America was echoed in childhood during this time period. As America prepared for its fight for independence from Britain, young boys began joining the war effort as soldiers. A decrease in indentured servitude resulted, as joining the rebellion resulted in a purchase of freedom from servitude. Poor boys were viewed as expendable and were used to fill the soldier quota gap. These 'children as adults' quickly gained their autonomy but also suffered homesickness and loneliness as the drudgeries of war set in. (Mintz, 54-64)

]]> 2023-09-24 20:09:56 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718180647 The Protected Children of the Colonial Era by Cheryl Pugh Taylor hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718181164 Image: Jeremiah Belknap

Freedom for two types of colonial children.

While Puritans came to America in pursuit of religious freedom, their young people were made to carry an awesome psychological burden. Morality, religion, indeed the future, depended on them. (Mintz, 31)

In another part of the colonies, Chesapeake’s white inhabitants were much more relaxed about their children’s upbringing. Planter’s children had more freedoms and fewer responsibilities. Since much of the day-to-day care of planter’s children was left in the hands of slaves, parents were free to coddle and spoil their children. (Mintz, 39)

]]> 2023-09-24 20:10:45 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718181164 Frontier Child by Kendall Schoen: Childhood from 1830 - 1912 hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718181794 "[Women of the frontier] kept up the courage of their men and quieted their crying children. Necessity laid upon then what one historian has called 'the double burden of feminitiy'" (Schlissel, 1978).

Schlissel, Lillian. “Mothers and Daughters on the Western Frontier.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, 1978, pp. 29–33. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3346396. Accessed 25 Sept. 2023.]]> 2023-09-24 20:11:43 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718181794 Four Perspectives of Childhood During the Years of Westward Expansion 1880-1780 hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718196209 2023-09-24 20:35:14 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718196209 Three Perspectives of Childhood During the Civil War Years (1865-1860) hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718196388 2023-09-24 20:35:30 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718196388 Protected Children during the Revolution by Cheryl Pugh Taylor hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718196737 Freedom in the Age of the Revolution

Questions of freedom and liberty in the age of the American Revolution were pervasive in public and private attitudes. Young people played an active role in the ferment leading up to the Revolution (Mintz, 61) and female independence became a key component of the revolutionary ideology. (Mintz, 73)

]]> 2023-09-24 20:36:01 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718196737 Forgotten Children of the Revolution by Heidi Echternacht hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718196857 James Forten was born free and Black in Philadelphia on September 2, 1766. When he was 14, he served on a private ship in the Revolutionary War and was captured by the British. He went on to become one of the richest men in Philadelphia and a powerful voice for Black Americans.

Not to be forgotten, a new exhibit has just opened in the Museum of the American Revolution highlighting this important, yet little known Early American Black family and child of the Revolution. ]]> 2023-09-24 20:36:09 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718196857 Civil War Era and the Useful Child by Lindsay May hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718196935 In the interwar period, increased immigration from Europe resulted in rapid urban growth. Family structures changed with many led by single mothers, widowed after the revolution. Children increasingly filled the income gap - boys worked in the dangerous environment of coal mines and girls supplemented with domestic labour. Children's work supported families with extra incomes and encouraged greater responsibilities and a sense of independence at an early age.

Linked source: The Life of a Coal Miner | eHISTORY (osu.edu)

]]> 2023-09-24 20:36:18 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718196935 Forgotten Children of the Civil War by Heidi Echternacht hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718197489 Willy Hall, an African American boy, National Museum of African American History and Culture. Died 1864 in Camp Distribution, VA, known as Camp Misery. His mother was likely Maria, father was Major William Charles James Hall of the 23d U.S. Colored Troops.

Read Aloud of a fictional children's story, "Pink and Say" by Patricia Polacco. This story was passed down verbally through generations and was written down by Patricia Polacco to honor the not-to-be-forgotten life of a Black child soldier named Pinkus Aylee.

]]> 2023-09-24 20:37:04 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718197489 Protected Child by Cheryl Pugh Taylor hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718197553 Freedom in the Protected Childhood

For the middle class, growing affluence allowed parents to provide a sheltered childhood, free from work responsibilities and devoted to education and play…Two divergent concepts of childhood emerged… the useful childhood and a protected childhood sheltered from the stresses and demands of the adult world. (Mintz, 152)

Reference:

Mintz, S. (2004). Huck’s raft: A history of American childhood. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

]]> 2023-09-24 20:37:12 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718197553 Protected Child by Cheryl Pugh Taylor hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718199750 Freedom for the white child of the civil war…

Freedom may have looked different for the middle- and upper-class children during the Civil War, but none escaped the influences of the war. Children learned lessons that they carried into the postwar years. (Mintz, 130).

Middle class parents responded to the war’s traumas through an intensified commitment to a protected, prolonged childhood… and emphasized the idea of insulating children from harsher realities of adult life… (Mintz, 132)

]]> 2023-09-24 20:41:10 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718199750 Westward Expansion and the Useful Child by Lindsay May hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718199946 With the commercialization of agriculture, a demand for child labour in the west was created. In the dangerous move westward, childhood responsibilities increased for both genders, and resulted in greater autonomy. Due to the labour shortage, gender divisions of work decreased. Girls and boys both assisted with day-to-day living activities (collecting wood, cooking, helping the sick, etc…). Their labour was relied upon for the survival of the family as they journeyed across the plains.]]> 2023-09-24 20:41:30 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718199946 Useful Child of the Colonial Era by Lindsay May hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718207637 Indentures - In early Colonial America, children were brought from Europe to America to be used as a form of cheap labour. Indentures, agreements for indentured servitude, such as this one illustrates the general language that was such binding contracts. Unspecific language created doubt about what responsibilities must be carried out by both parties to fulfil it. Children bound as indentured servants often did not have their basic needs met and were made victims of abuse. Servants could be bought, sold and leased. These 2/3 of all immigrant children were in positions of un-freedom: indentured servants, apprentices, convicts, or slaves. The were often treated cruelly, resulting in high death rates in Colonial America.

Linked source: Children at Work – Women & the American Story (nyhistory.org)

]]> 2023-09-24 20:55:12 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718207637 Homesteaders, 1866 kms9015 https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718433368 "By the 1840s, Oregon fever gripped the nation and people left on the Oregon Trail to become homesteaders. Although pioneer kids couldn’t bring all their old toys with them, they found new ways to play when they arrived in their new homes." (Heather on History, 2013).

Voight, Posted by Heather. “How Did Children Play on the American Frontier?” Heather on History, 18 Sept. 2014, heathervoight.com/2013/04/23/how-did-children-play-on-the-american-frontier/.

]]> 2023-09-25 01:51:41 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718433368 Native American children in a boarding school, 1880's - 1890's. kms9015 https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718446449 "Native students were not allowed to speak in their Native languages. They were only allowed to speak English regardless of their fluency and would face punishment if they didn’t. The discipline enforced at these boarding schools was severe. Punishments varied and included privilege restrictions, diet restrictions, threats of corporal punishment, and even confinement. Additionally, Native students were neglected and faced many forms of abuse including physical, sexual, cultural, and spiritual. They were beaten, coerced into performing heavy labor. Their daily regimen consisted of several hours of marching and recreational time consisted of watching disturbing movies such as Cowboys and Indians" (Mejia, 2022).

Mejia, Melissa. “The U.S. History of Native American Boarding Schools.” The Indigenous Foundation, 26 July 2022, www.theindigenousfoundation.org/articles/us-residential-schools. ]]> 2023-09-25 02:02:08 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718446449 Detail of the Harvey M. Pickens family, Ortello Valley, Custer County, Nebraska, 1889 kms9015 https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718456956 "In 1889, 70 percent of the Nebraskans lived on farms. Children were expected to help the adults with the farm work. Milking cows and gathering cow or buffalo chips for fuel in the cook stove was a duty for both girls and boys. Girls helped with the cooking, cleaning, mending, gathering eggs, and taking care of the younger children. Boys helped with the planting and harvesting of crops and also helped hunt for food to feed the family" (Nebraska Studies, 2023).

“Pioneer Children: School, Games, Toys, Recreation.” Pioneer Children: School, Games, Toys, Recreation, 2023, www.nebraskastudies.org/en/1850-1874/who-were-the-settlers-who-was-daniel-freeman/pioneer-children-school-games-toys-recreation/. ]]> 2023-09-25 02:10:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718456956 Photo of enslaved children, 1854 kms9015 https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718464764 "Between 1820 and 1860 approximately 30% of all slave children born in the upper South were taken from their families and sold to the Deep South to work in the harsher climate on plantations. After years of forced migration many of these African Americans took the opportunity provided by the upheaval of war to escape their masters and travel long distances to be reconnected with their families. By 1864 approximately 400,000 slaves within the South had fled their masters" (US National Park Service, 2017).

“African American Children (U.S. National Park Service).” National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 11 Aug. 2017, www.nps.gov/articles/african-american-children.htm. ]]> 2023-09-25 02:16:09 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2718464764 The Forgotten Child of the Colonial Era by Heidi Echternacht hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2719957019 While Puritan parents were busy beating the devil out of their ten children, weaning, breaching and instructing them at young ages, Native child and motherhood was very different, with mothers often breastfeeding their few children for four years or more. Among Native Nations, children were treated gently and allowed time to play, explore and grow with little punishment.

The end of Native childhood was often marked by ceremony, which varied specifically from Tribe to Tribe, where children went through rituals that symbolized leaving their child selves behind to emerge as adults.

Reference:

Mintz, S. (2004). Huck’s raft: A history of American childhood. Chapters 1 & 2, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

]]> 2023-09-25 20:00:15 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2719957019 The Civil War and the Useful Child by Lindsay May lindsaymaynissen https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2720086854 As civil war broke out, children joined the effort in the roles of drummers, messengers and soldiers. Driven by a sense of patriotism, personal desire and escape from humdrum farm life, childhood became shorter as the north and south battled. Children were assuming the roles typically held by grown men and with these roles, a growing independence. Children, such as the one pictured above, reflected on this new experience with regret:
Writing after the 1862 battle of Shiloh, 15-year-old Elisha Stockwell Jr said:

“As we lay there and the shells were flying over us, my thoughts went back to my home, and I thought what a foolish boy I was to run away and get into such a mess as I was in. I would have been glad to have seen my father coming after me.”

Quote derived from website: Child soldiers of the US Civil War | All About History (historyanswers.co.uk)

]]> 2023-09-25 23:13:54 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2720086854 1920 to 1880 The Progressive Era hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727802249 2023-10-02 00:30:26 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727802249 Childhood in the Depression Era 1945-1920 by Lindsay Rae May hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727802814 2023-10-02 00:31:21 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727802814 Kids These Days: Childhood from 1965 to 1945 by Heidi Echternacht hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727803526
References:
Mintz, S. (2004). Huck’s raft: A history of American childhood. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN: 9780674019980]]> 2023-10-02 00:32:28 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727803526 The Useful Child of the Progressive Era (1912) hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727803870 In 1912, The Children's Bureau was established. It confronted the harsh life conditions of working-class children in the labour force and began campaigning for the right for all children to have a protected childhood. Lewis Hines, among others, advocated for reforms that would remove children from dangerous working conditions. Hines, a photographer for the Bureau, captured shocking images of the realities of child labour across America bringing the desperate situation of children front and center. As a result, several states adopted laws to restrit or regulate child labour. Although not wholly successful, their efforts represent a major shift in adults' consideration of child welfare and childrens' right to a protected childhood.

Photo derived from: Young Girl Working In South Carolina Cotton Mill - Lewis Hine 1908 Photograph by War Is Hell Store - Pixels

Linked source: Cotton Mill Girl: Behind Lewis Hine's Photograph & Child Labor Series | 100 Photos | TIME - YouTube

Linked source: The History Place - Child Labor in America: Investigative Photos of Lewis Hine

]]> 2023-10-02 00:33:03 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727803870 Displaced Child in WWII (1942-1945) hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727804188 The internment of the Japanese Americans forced young children and their families to relocate to camps on the American interior. As POWs, their stay in these isolated camps continued for an undetermined period of time until their eventual release following the war. Their stay in the barracks was overcrowded, lacked privacy, and was very unsanitary. Border camps for refugee children in the present-day is an example of similar mistreatments to refugees, as discussed here.

Linked source: Japanese Internment Survivor Warns Family Separation Traumatizes Children - YouTube]]> 2023-10-02 00:33:34 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727804188 Useful Child (1929-1939) The Depression Years hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727804316 Children’s labour during the Depression years was needed to help contribute to the survival of the family. Children competed with adults for jobs, mostly farm work or house tasks, with some boys taking casual work in the mines. Especially in the south, where the population of low-income black families was higher, there was an expectation for children to work to support the family.

Photo derived from: https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=ystSd2im&id=565173C125CD64D7F4C1CBAC1640D8EF89A3AF02&thid=OIP.ystSd2im9m0ELvgkR5l]]> 2023-10-02 00:33:47 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727804316 The Patriotic Child hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727804675 World War 2 brought patriotism deep into to the hearts of American families. 16 states had laws about saluting the American flag as a daily practice in school.

The Supreme Court case of West Virginia Board of Education vs Barnett (1943) was an instrumental ruling declaring that children could not be punished for refusing to salute the flag, as was practice among many groups such as Jehovah's Witness practitioners, who had their children taken away for their refusal to salute the flag.

Justice Jackson declared that allowing children to choose to salute the flag, or not, was an important distinction for an operational democracy.

Photograph: 210-G-A78; San Francisco, California. Flag of allegiance pledge at Raphael Weill Public School; 4/20/1942; Central Photographic File of the War Relocation Authority, 1942 - 1945; Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD. [Online Version, https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/pledge-of-allegiance-weill-school, October 1, 2023]

]]> 2023-10-02 00:34:22 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727804675 Childhood from 2000 to 1965 by Kendall Schoen hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727805360 2023-10-02 00:35:33 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727805360 Childhood from the present day to 2001 by Cheri Taylor hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727805574 2023-10-02 00:35:56 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727805574 The Tech Child hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727805807 On October 23, 2001, Apple Computers released the first iPod and in October of 2010, they released the first iPad. Advances in technology allow learning to occur in new ways. Technology has also changed how adults and children entertain themselves through social media applications such as TikTok and channels such as YouTube. New technology has also led to advancements in video games, shaping the way children play. ]]> 2023-10-02 00:36:21 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727805807 The Activist Child hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727805911 Many events of the first two decades of the 21^st century have called the youth of the 2010s and 2020s to action. Black Lives Matter, to climate change, to school shootings, to women’s rights, and LGBTQ+ rights, the youth have risen to action. ]]> 2023-10-02 00:36:31 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727805911 1960's-1970's Rebellious Teen hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727806185 2023-10-02 00:36:58 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727806185 The Marginalized Child hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727810521 We have seen how the popular culture of the past decades reflects and shapes generations of American youth. Popular culture of the 21^st century is doing the same for the children and teens of today. The tv series “Reservation Dogs” has been praised for its accurate portrayal of reservation life, while Netflix’s “Never Have I Ever” offers a realistic look at the life of an American teenager of Indian immigrant parents.

In addition to television shows, young adult novels and graphic novels such as Alice Oseman’s Heartstopper series and Benjamin Alire Saenz’s Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe offer greater representation for the LGBTQ+ community.

]]> 2023-10-02 00:43:48 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727810521 1960's Middle Class Teens hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727810642 Middle class teenagers explored their identity through clothing and music. Specifically the generation of rock music. "By 1966, music had diversified so much that it didn't matter what sort of school you went to, but whether or not you were into the latest music. In Southampton, people went to the Top Rank to dance to chart records and meet girl/boyfriends, to the Gaumont to watch the Beatles, R oy Orbison, etc., but to the Guildhall to see strange new bands that played "psychedelic" music."

A teenager in the 60s. Teenager in the 60s. (n.d.). https://www.retrowow.co.uk/retro_britain/60s/teenage_life_in_the_60s.html ]]> 2023-10-02 00:43:59 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727810642 The Radioactive Child: Sputnik and the Education Wars 1959-1957 hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727812104
"Asteroid City", a film by Wes Anderson (2023) captures the anxiety surrounding education and childhood in the 1950's and the post WW2 "Atomic Age" of the Cold War.

As the Space Race emerged during the Cold War, pressure was put on schools and families to foster children's success and interest in academics. Anxiety increased over children's wellness and mental health and parenting books appear, such as the highly influential Dr. Spock book on child rearing practices.

American educational institutions faced pressure as to why the Russians were first to be in space as teaching methods and curricula were questioned. "Wars" over science instruction, phonics and whole word reading techniques were topics of debate. Readers such as Dick and Jane, which were first published in the 1930's were very popular in the 1950's. Dr Seuss books, such as "The Cat in the Hat" were an effort to promote reading among children.

Read more about Sputnik and how it shaped American education:
Herold, J. (1974). SPUTNIK IN AMERICAN EDUCATION: A HISTORY AND REAPPRAISAL. McGill Journal of Education / Revue Des Sciences De l’éducation De McGill, 9(002). Retrieved from https://mje.mcgill.ca/article/view/6971]]> 2023-10-02 00:46:23 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727812104 The Protected Child hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727813147 The period from 1865 to 1910 was known as the golden age of American children’s fiction… At a time when middle-class children’s lives were becoming more regimented, children’s books expressed a nostalgia for a simpler past and fantasies of youthful freedom… the golden age proved fleeting, (Mintz, 185-186)]]> 2023-10-02 00:48:06 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727813147 Useful Child WWII (1939-1945) hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727814836
Fathers contributing to the war effort abroad created employment opportunities for children and youth in America. Children worked on the farm and in the home to help with labour shortages.

Teenage work in the labour force soared, but at the same time school attendance fell. Jobs provided money and with their own money, teenagers flet a growing sense of autonomy.

Disney Studios helped in the promotion of children "doing their part" for the war effort through their distribution of propaganda posters, comics, and short films.

Linked source: Mickey Mouse morale: Disney on the World War II home front | National Museum of American History (si.edu)

]]> 2023-10-02 00:50:43 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2727814836 Immigrant Child 1920s lindsaymaynissen https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2728063579 Immigrant children did not have the freedoms of their middle-class counterparts. Immigrant children were required to work to support the family. Children served as translators and guides for parents in a new culture. Due to poverty, immigrant children did not attend school following the primary years and were instead wage earners for the family. Immigrant children had to navigate through the often-clashing cultures. At the onset of the Great Depression child immigrants and their families from Central America are deported due to the labour shortage, crushing dreams.

Linked source: American Experience | Immigrant Workers & the American Dream | PBS
Linked source: Latino Americans | Episode 2: Empire of Dreams Trailer | PBS]]> 2023-10-02 06:32:16 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2728063579 The Reborn Child 1920s lindsaymaynissen https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2728063817
Individual identity and peer group influences become defining features of 1920s adolescent.

Due to an increase in educational enrolment of older adolescents, this period was the first time when high school became a “universal experience.” With this shared experience, peer groups become more important than adult influences. With disposable incomes from part time jobs, commercial markets become targeted to teenagers. As a result, the image of the teenager is born.

Linked source: The Emergence of the Teenager | Museum of Youth Culture

]]> 2023-10-02 06:32:32 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2728063817 21st Century Child clp210 https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729159478 The first two decades of the 21^st Century have already brought forth impactful moments. We have witnessed natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, multi-state snowstorms, heatwaves, and devastating wildfires. This extreme weather could be seen as a symptom of the current climate crisis.

There have also been such defining moments as the war-instigating plane crashes of 9-11, political upheaval, swift advances in technology, school shootings, and a global pandemic. (census.gov)

These moments shape generations of children and youth. The youngest generations, those experiencing these events during their formative years, have been identified as Generation Z (born around 1995 through 2010) and Generation Alpha (born around 2013 until about 2025). Future historians and academics will be using these events to determine the history of these generations.

]]> 2023-10-02 19:17:50 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729159478 Kids These Days: The Television Child hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729239621 With the advent of the "Golden Age of Televison", along came commercials as advertisers increasingly recognized the buying power of children and their parents. Disney made numerous movies during this time period, as well as hosted TV shows such as The Mickey Mouse Club. Comics and magazines were also popular, especially among boys who followed serial segments of various heroic adventures.

Davy Crockett craze of 1955

Comics (New Yorker article September, 2023)

Mad Magazine

Hula Hoops

Disney Movies: Parent Trap, Swiss Family Robinson, Mary Poppins, Moon-Spinners, That Darn Cat, Peter Pan, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty, Lady and the Tramp

The Red Balloon 1956

TV:
Lassie
Mickey Mouse Club
Howdy Doody
Lone Ranger
Captain Kangaroo
Soupy Sales

]]> 2023-10-02 20:23:47 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729239621 1970's Activist Teens & Counter Culture kms9015 https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729334030 "Media played a significant role in not only pinning love children and freaks as hippies with a negative connotation but also in romanticizing the movement. After the Vietnam War ended in the mid-1970s, the counterculture movement died down. However, the media continued to idolize the hippie scene. Even today, the hippie movement is often missed by those who desire to live in a more “free” society. However, not everything was as joyous as it seemed. "

The counterculture hippie movement of the 1960s and 1970s. TheCollector. (2023, May 12). https://www.thecollector.com/hippie-counterculture-movement-1960s-1970s/ ]]> 2023-10-02 22:31:12 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729334030 1980's Pop Culture Teen kms9015 https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729336802 "Teen movies were very popular in the ’80s, and high schoolers filled the local cinema Octoplex to watch Risky Business, Footloose, Back to the Future and Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure. You can almost define the ’80s teen by watching John Hughes movies like The Breakfast Club, Ferris Bueller’s Day Off and Sixteen Candles. And thanks to the introduction of VCR players in 1977, what you didn’t catch at the theater you could eventually watch at home."

Content, S. (2021, April 2). The ’80s teen. centraljersey.com. https://centraljersey.com/2021/04/06/the-80s-teen/#:~:text=Many%20schools%20had%20computer%20classes,told%20to%20Just%20Say%20No.

]]> 2023-10-02 22:36:08 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729336802 1990's Youth Culture kms9015 https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729349421 "The '90s was also an era of significant social and political changes. Young people rallied around causes like environmental conservation and social justice. The Rodney King case and the subsequent LA riots, the O.J. Simpson trial, and the Columbine High School shooting were just a few of the events that sparked nationwide debates and shaped the political consciousness of young people in this era. "

Blast from the past: The youth culture of the 1990s. Crosslr. (n.d.). https://www.crosslr.com/magazine/blast-from-the-past-the-youth-culture-of-the-1990s

Photo Citation:
Gutiérrez, R. (2023, August 29). Documenting 1990s Chicano youth culture. PBS SoCal. https://www.pbssocal.org/shows/artbound/veteranas-and-rucas-documenting-1990s-chicano-youth-culture ]]> 2023-10-02 22:57:36 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729349421 Koo & Sze Children playing with toys 1918 - 1920 kms9015 https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729354013 "Factory-made toys were uncommon in the nineteenth century—most toys were either homemade or fairly simple. Early in the twentieth century, though, as the nation became more industrialized, toys began to be manufactured on a large scale. The first two decades of the century saw the introduction of many classic toys, including the Lionel Train (1901), Crayola Crayons (1903), and Lincoln Logs (1916). New design improvements in the 1880s and 1890s made bicycles safer, and bikes and tricycles came into children’s hands in much greater numbers, providing countless children with the tools to explore the changing world around them."

Children’s lives at the turn of the twentieth century : classroom materials at the library of congress : library of Congress. The Library of Congress. (n.d.). https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/childrens-lives-at-the-turn-of-the-twentieth-century/ ]]> 2023-10-02 23:05:57 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729354013 Children Working as Paper Boys, New York City, NY, 1917 kms9015 https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729355805 "Similar, less tawdry courier services were provided within department stores. Children known as “cash” boys and girls carried money, sales slips, and items purchased to store inspectors. The inspectors wrapped the goods and verified the amounts paid. The children then returned the change and the items. While courier boys were common, newspaper boys, popularly known as “newsies,” worked in the most visible of the street trades and were the face of child labor for most urban Americans."

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). History of child labor in the United States-Part 1: Little Children Working : Monthly labor review. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2017/article/history-of-child-labor-in-the-united-states-part-1.htm ]]> 2023-10-02 23:08:52 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729355805 Kids These Days: Bobby Soxers Twist into Rock n' Roll hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729398199 From the 1940's Bobby Soxers, girl culture morphed into sock hops and soda shops as Rock and Roll began to take over the airwaves. Elvis and The Shirelle's emerged as the "new sound", spawning a new culture.

Girls gained more independence of identity as they could do the Twist to Chubby Checker without a male partner. (Mintz, 284) Slumber parties gained popularity and shows such as "Gidget" and "Patty Duke" featured strong female leads who showcased the trials and tribulations of being a teenager. ]]> 2023-10-03 00:11:54 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2729398199 Kids These Days: The Integrated Child, 1954 Brown vs Board of Education hechternacht https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2731053228 Timeline
Summary

A landmark decision effectively ending school segregation, the Brown family took the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas to court contesting that "separate but equal" schools were unconstitutional and children should receive equal treatment and funding.

Ruby Bridges and the Little Rock Nine are several of the brave children who walked through crowds of angry white Southerners who opposed equal rights for Americans.

]]> 2023-10-03 23:53:55 UTC https://padlet.com/hechternacht/7glm8w68347h2u8x/wish/2731053228