The first zone of broad-leaved evergreens (Quercetalia ilicis) is found at an altitude of 300 to 500 meters. The area is dominated by shrubs and low-rising trees such as the holm oak (Quercus ilex), Greek strawberry tree (Arbutus adrachnae), kermes oak (Quercus coccifera), strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), prickly Juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus), etc. Characteristic deciduous species at this altitude include manna ash (Fraxinus ornus), Montpellier maple (Acer monspessulanum), Judas-tree (Cercis siliquastrum), European smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria)and others.

Forest of beech-fir and mountain conifers

Forest of beech-fir and mountain conifers (Fagetalia) stretch from 600 to 1400 meters, wherein black pines (Pinus nigra) dominate in pure stands. In smaller clusters and stands, one can encounter Bulgarian fir (Abies borissi-regis), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), wych elm (Ulmus glabra), yew (Taxus baccata), hazel (Coryllus avellana), Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas), cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera) and a variety of herbaceous plants.

Zone of cold-hardy conifers

At elevations between 1400 and 2500 m, the zone of cold-hardy conifers (Vaccinio-Picetalia) emerges. The predominant species of pine is the rare Bosnian pine (Pinus heldreichii), which makes its first appearance at 1100 m, gradually replacing black pine (Pinus nigra) and forming unmixed forests up to 2000 meters. Areas with Bosnian pine are usually dry with rocky slopes.

The non-forested high mountain meadows and grasslands

Above 2500 meters, which is also the highest treeline in the Balkans, there are the non-forested high mountain meadows and grasslands (Astragalo-Acantholimonetalia). On Mount Olympus, these meadows display a great diversity and their floral composition includes many rare wildflowers, most of which are endemic to Greece and the Balkan Peninsula.
Source: https://olympusfd.gr/en/vegetation-zones/ 2019