Typically sleeps 17-19 hours a day, place baby only on her back and on a firm mattress to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome

• Remove all pillows, fluffy blankets, bumper pads, toys, and other soft items from the crib or sleeping area. Dress the infant lightly to avoid overheating. Pacifier use during sleep also has been shown to reduce the incidence of SIDS.

Communicates primarily by crying and fussing at this stage.

Sees only outlines and shapes; is unable to focus on objects more than 8–10 inches

Head circumference increases approximately 3/4 inch (1.9 cm) during the first and second months and 5/8 inch (1.6 cm) during months three and four. Increases are an important indication of continued brain growth

The swallowing reflex and tongue movements are still immature; the baby continues to drool and is not able to move food (other than milk) to the back of the mouth.

Grabs onto small objects using the entire hand (palmar grasp)

Raises the head and upper body on the arms when in a prone position.

Coos, using single vowel sounds (e.g., ah, eh, uh); also imitates his own sounds and vowel sounds produced by others.

Reacts differently to variations in adult voices; for example, may frown or appear tense or anxious if voices are loud, angry, or unfamiliar.

Cries less often; stops crying when the parent or primary caregiver approaches.

Averages 14–17 hours of sleep per day; often awake for two or three periods during the daytime.

Spends waking periods engaged in physical activity: kicking, turning head from side to side, clasping hands together, grasping objects.

The swallowing reflex (a more complex form of swallowing that involves tongue movement against the roof of the mouth) appears; this allows the infant to move solid foods from the front to the back of the mouth for swallowing.

Transfers objects from one hand to the other; still grasps objects using the entire hand (palmar grasp).

Begins to develop teeth, with upper and lower incisors erupting first.

Sits alone without support, holding the head erect and the back straight, with the arms propped forward for support

Babbles by repeating the same syllable in a series: ba, ba, ba.

Pulls self into a crawling position by rising on the arms and drawing the knees up beneath the body; rocks back and forth, but generally does not move forward.

Begins to accept a small amount of semisolid pureed foods, such as cereal and vegetables, when placed well back on the tongue (if such food is placed on the tip, the infant will push it back out).

Learns to crawl forward either before or during this age, can typically crawl up and down stairs

Responds differently and appropriately to facial expressions: e.g., frowns and smiles. also imitates facial expressions, actions, and sounds

Continues to exhibit a definite fear of strangers (stranger anxiety); clings to or hides behind the parent or primary caregiver; may begin to resist being away from familiar adults

Baby laughs out loud.

Often becomes attached to a favorite toy or blanket, and cries when it is missing.

Begins to stand alone, leaning on furniture for support

Enjoys rhymes and simple songs; vocalizes and dances to music also enjoys being nearby and included in daily activities of family members and teachers

Babbles or jabbers deliberately to initiate social interaction; may shout to attract attention, listen, and then shout again if no one responds.

Begins to exhibit assertiveness by resisting a caregiver’s requests; may kick, scream, toss toys, or throw themselves on the floor.

Eats three meals per day, plus mid-morning or mid-afternoon snacks such as juice, fruit, crackers, and cereal.

Begins to refuse a bottle; and shows greater interest in drinking from a cup.

Feed themselves; hold a bottle or cup; pick up and eat finger foods.

Few can walk at twelve months majority don't walk well until at least 13 or 14 months, if not later.