Some examples include, phonological and visually similar letters, good handwriting habits, letter naming fluency which includes how thorough students can identify letters, handwriting skills with upper and lower case, and examples of the ways to teach them.

Chapter 6 was all about phonics and how to distinguish systematic and explicit instructions while teaching students to decode, blend and build words with a further understanding of sounds.

Why is this important?: Phonics is important with teaching the students how letters and sounds work together and make spoken words and written language to be read.

When will I use this information?: Honestly, this information can be used for someone's entire life. In elementary school, it is used to really understand to read, write and grow their written and verbal language skills however, as the students grow up, they're able to use these methods when trying to learn new languages or even on harder words in order to sound them out.

How will I apply my knowledge?: Since I am only going to be teaching in an elementary school setting, I will apply this chapter while teaching students the basics of letter and word decoding, as well as creating and building more complex words to add to their vocabulary and knowledge of how the word is written. This chapter has a lot of information which allows for teaching this information to older readers as well as younger readers and really being able to teach that awareness for the students to use for their future.

This chapter is about irregular words which is when you aren't able to sound them out or spell them with decoding. There are several types of words, irregular, regular, high frequency, temporarily irregular, permanently irregular and so on. This chapter describes them all and how to teach them with explicit instructions with a systematic practice approach.

Why was this important?

Teaching these different types of words helps with the recognition of them as well as their meanings. "The more difficult the irregular word, the more practice is necessary" (page 246).

When will I use this information?

This information will be used when going through different books, passages, or connecting text with what students will be reading. This information is more for connecting the gap so students understand what they're reading or being read to.

How will I apply my knowledge?

This will be applied when teaching students different lessons. Likely each day some type of irregular word will be read/taught/practiced because each day we should be learning new material and/or reviewing. When teaching written math, the students will read out "two" which is different from their previous "to" that they'd learned. Because of this, students will need to learn and understand that there are more than one way to spell differing words which sound the same. If we're reading and they see that "she did that too" that would be another example of the irregular word and it being used in the context of a day-to-day activities and lessons in a classroom. This is just one of the many examples.

This chapter goes over the six common types of syllables in English: Closed, Open, Vowel Combination, Vowel-consonant e, consonant - le, and r-controlled. This chapter also goes over the most useful syllable division principles as well as rules to help break down words as well as assessing and when to intervene for students who struggle reading and the ways to teach these six different types.

Why is it important?

There is a large group of students in middle and high school grades who have trouble with reading multisyllabic words and knowing how to teach them is going to be key with teaching students in Elementary school so there isn't a gap in education later on.

When will I use this information?

This information is going to be used when teaching how to read and honestly, how to write for all grades in Elementary school.

How will I apply my knowledge?

This chapter has many different ways to teach the 6 different types of syllables and knowing those and applying them to the curriculum that I create for my students will be the best way to apply this knowledge.