1. know different types of carbohydrates and their functions.

2. know how to test for glucose, reducing sugars and starch. 

2.5      Lipids:
1. know different types of lipids and their functions.

2. know how to test for lipids. 

2.6      Proteins: 
1. know the building blocks and functions of proteins.
2. know how to test for proteins. 

2.7      Nucleic acids: 
Student should know the building blocks and functions of nucleic acids. 

Simple carbohydrates: These are also called simple sugars. They're found in refined sugars, like the white sugar you see in a sugar bowl. If you have a lollipop, you're eating simple carbs. But you'll also find simple sugars in more nutritious foods, such as fruit and milk. It's healthier to get your simple sugars from foods like these. Why? Because sugar isn't added to them and they also contain vitamins, fiber, and important nutrients like calcium. A lollipop has lots of added sugar and doesn't contain important nutrients.

Complex carbohydrates: These are also called starches. Starches include grain products, such as bread, crackers, pasta, and rice. As with simple sugars, some complex carbohydrate foods are better choices than others. Refined (say: ree-FIND) grains, such as white flour and white rice, have been processed, which removes nutrients and fiber. But unrefined grains still contain these vitamins and minerals. They're also rich in fiber, which helps your digestive systemwork well. Fiber helps you feel full, so you're less likely to overeat. A bowl of oatmeal fills you up better than sugary candy with the same amount of caloriesl.

-Disaccharides , also called a double sugar ,  the function of a disaccharide is to serve as a unit of energy storage similar to how polymers such as starch and glycogen store the energy necessary for cellular respiration in plants and animals, respectively. Disaccharide includes maltose,sucrose and lactose.
                  Maltose: Our body has an enzyme called amylase that can break the glucose-glucose bonds. The amylase can either break the starch into individual glucose units or into the disaccharide maltose. Our body can absorb maltose, which can later be broken into individual glucose molecules and then be used as energy.
                       Sucrose provides your body with the energy required to perform physical and mental functions. Your body breaks down foods such as sucrose and starch into fructose and glucose during digestion. The fructose and glucose are metabolized by your body to release energy to your cells.
                        Lactose is composed of glucose and galactose, two simpler sugars used as energy directly by our body. Lactase, an enzyme, splits lactose into glucose and galactose.

-Polysaccharides  THe function of  polysaccharides  are used for storing energy, some for sending cellular messages, or others for providing support to cells and tissues. Polysaccharides includes starch, glycogen and cellulose.
                    Starch breaks down into glucose in your body, providing a more gradual energy source for your bodily processes than simple carbohydrates, such as refined sugar. Carbohydrates, such as starches, provide the majority of fuel for your body.   
                       Glycogen functions as one of two forms of long-term energy reserves, with the other form being triglyceride stores in adipose tissue (i.e., body fat). In humans, glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and skeletal muscle.
                      Cellulose is a major component of tough cell walls that surround plant cells, and is what makes plant stems, leaves, and branches so strong. 
2. know how to  test for glucose, reducing sugars and starch. 
Test for glucose

Fatty acids are comprised of hydrocarbon chains terminating with carboxylic acid groups. Fatty acids and their associated derivatives are the primary components of lipids. The length and degree of saturation of the hydrocarbon chain is highly variable between each fatty acid, and dictates the associated physical properties (e.g., melting point and fluidity). Moreover, fatty acids are responsible for the hydrophobic properties (insoluble in water) exhibited by lipids.

Fatty acids have important roles in: 1) signal-transduction pathways; 2) cellular fuel sources; 3) the composition of hormones and lipids; 4) the modification of proteins; and 5) energy storage within adipose tissue (specialized fat cells) in the form of triacylglycerols.

       1)Phospholipids

These lipids are responsible for protecting and insulating cells.

2)Steroids

Steroids are a type of lipid that includes hormones and cholesterol. 

Cholesterol is produced by the body and consumed through food. It plays a role in the production of hormones. Hormones include the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone, as well as your other hormones like adrenaline, cortisol and progesterone. Cholesterol, the most abundant steroid lipid in the body, is required in every cell in the body. It plays a role in cell repair and the formation of new cells.

3)Triglycerides 

Triglycerides are lipids you obtain from food sources of fat, such as cooking oils, butter and animal fat. Triglycerides provide insulation that keeps you warm while protecting your internal organs with a layer of padding.

We can test lipids through the brown paper test. First, find a brown paper and put a small amount of the sample on the paper. If the sample is solid state, you can rub some of it on the brown paper. Then, lable the name under the food sample. Third, let thr paper dry for a few minutes. At last, hold the paper under light and see if there is a stain. If it is a positive result, it means there are lipids. If it's a negative result, it means there is no lipid.

We can also test lipids through the emulsion test. First, add some ethano into thr sample that is beunf tested. Second, shake the sample with enthano. Third, pour the mixture into thr water. At last, if the mixture turns white and cloudy, it means there are lipids. As lipds dont dissolve in water but ethanol.

       1)Phospholipids

These lipids are responsible for protecting and insulating cells.

2)Steroids

Steroids are a type of lipid that includes hormones and cholesterol. 

Cholesterol is produced by the body and use up through food. It responsible in the production of hormones. Hormones that include the sex hormones estrogen (雌激素) and testosterone(睪丸激素) , as well as your other hormones like adrenaline, cortisol and progesterone. Cholesterol, have rich steroid lipid in the body, is required in every cell in the body. It helps the cell repair and forming a new cells.(formation)

3)Triglycerides 

Triglycerides are lipids you absorb from food sources of fat, such as cooking oils, butter and animal fat. Triglycerides provide insulation that keeps you warm and protecting your internal organs with a layer of padding.