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      <title>LING 15 Language and Society by Laura Phelan</title>
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      <pubDate>2022-09-07 17:53:30 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>Entry 1: Urban Dictionary, &quot;you guys&quot;</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2296559603</link>
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         <pubDate>2022-09-14 15:15:44 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>Entry 1: Article, &quot;you guys&quot;</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2296564244</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.fastcompany.com/90629391/guys-is-not-gender-neutral-lets-stop-using-it-like-it-is" />
         <pubDate>2022-09-14 15:18:15 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>Entry 1: HuffPost, &quot;you guys&quot;</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2296572587</link>
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         <enclosure url="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gendered-language-hey-guys_l_5f21b189c5b6b8cd63b0f331" />
         <pubDate>2022-09-14 15:22:52 UTC</pubDate>
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      <item>
         <title>Entry 1: &quot;you guys&quot;</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2297112145</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>I have chosen to discuss controversy over the term "you guys". I am from Long Island, and in my variety of English "you guys"&nbsp; or "guys" are colloquially used as the second person plural pronoun, regardless of the gender of the people in question. For clarification, "guys" is only gender neutral in my English when it is used in the second person; in the third person it must refer to men or older boys (ages 15 or so and older).&nbsp;</div><div>It is certainly easy to understand why people who are not familiar with this usage would think it's not gender neutral. English speakers generally agree that "guys" in the third person refers to men, so it is unexpected that in the second person, it can refer to people of any gender. As the urban dictionary post suggests, it can even be used when there are no men addressed.&nbsp; But this is the way my (and other varieties of) English use this word.</div><div>The views expressed in the articles and posts I have attached are widespread. Supposedly, speakers who use "guys" as a gender neutral term are either intentionally creating an environment that is unwelcoming for non-men, or they are too stubborn to change their use of the language. The Fast Company article goes as far as calling this usage a "habit", rather than a variety. Both of the articles attached suggest that the world would be more welcoming if speakers of this variety would simply try harder to stop using this phrase, while the Urban Dictionary article suggests that the phrase suggests a sexist bias (in my anecdotal experience, men and women are equally likely to use "you guys"). These are all legitimate reasons for feeling excluded by this usage when someone is not familiar with it, and I understand why somebody's knee-jerk reaction would be to call it "bad" and to call someone defending it “wrong”. It is interesting to note that the usage of “you guys” is associated with geography more than any social class or group, and that it is widely used throughout the US. This suggests that negative responses to this variety likely stem from a genuinely held belief that it is wrong, rather than an attitude towards the people that use it.</div><div>I certainly understand why some people have the views that they do, and I think it would be respectful to make the adjustment around people who ask for it (i.e. if a specific person expresses discomfort with being included in the word "guys", I would try to avoid using this term around them). However, I also think more attention needs to be given to the fact that this is a linguistic variety, just like "y'all" or "youze". Using “you guys” regardless of gender is no more of a ‘habit’ than using “coke” to refer to Pepsi products. While it may be polite to try to avoid the term in some circumstances, we should also acknowledge that it is a part of many people’s English, and we should recognize that no harm is intended by it.</div><div><br><br></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2022-09-14 21:42:34 UTC</pubDate>
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         <title>Entry 2: &quot;we was&quot;</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2307821226</link>
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         <pubDate>2022-09-22 01:25:21 UTC</pubDate>
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      <item>
         <title>Entry 2: &quot;we were&quot;</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2307821551</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2022-09-22 01:25:34 UTC</pubDate>
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      <item>
         <title>Entry 2: &quot;we was&quot; vs. &quot;we were&quot;</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2307847862</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>There is a contrast in English regarding how the verb "to be" is conjugated in the first person plural. In some dialects it is "we was", and in others it is "we were". I have found an example of each of these constructions. Both came from searching recent tweets, ideally looking for tweets&nbsp; with a similar level of formality (these tweets both discuss social justice issues affecting black people, and have a similar target audience of non-expert Twitter users). These specific examples show "to be" as a passive auxiliary in one case and a progressive aux in the other. However, other examples of their usages show that both forms seem possible in either of these constructions as well as for the copula verb.&nbsp;<br>The construction "we were" is standard English, while "we was" is used in AAVE. This is also clear from the rest of the tweets' contents: the tweet using "we were" is written in standard English, while the tweet using " we was" has other features of AAVE. In an informal setting such as Twitter, both of these forms are perfectly acceptable. However, "we were" is the prescribed construction, and it was the only construction I found professional accounts using (with one exception, which appeared to be a non-native English speaker). It is generally true that only "we were" appears in formal contexts.<br>In my dialect, only "we were" is grammatical. I recognize "we was", but I never produce it. It is interesting to note that despite how much "Gen Z English" originates from AAVE, I don't see my non-black peers using the "we was" construction. The use of this phrase does not align with any of my social groups, so I have no reason to use it.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-09-22 01:45:24 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2307847862</guid>
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         <title>Entry 3: Long Island/NYC Commercial</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2318455605</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_TGfhdnLQQ" />
         <pubDate>2022-09-29 00:52:25 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2318455605</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Entry 3: Dublin sign</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2318457297</link>
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         <pubDate>2022-09-29 00:53:50 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2318457297</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Entry 3: Language, Place, and Advertising</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2318479069</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>I have chosen two examples of language use directed at the general public, in which the varieties used have opposite goals. The first example is a commercial which has aired frequently in my hometown on Long Island (and I imagine in NYC and New Jersey as well). This commercial takes advantage of r-dropping to make various phrases rhyme, especially the commerical's overall slogan, "The lendahs came to Linda". This ad is directed at anybody looking for a loan, suggesting all demographics except perhaps the upper class. Since r-dropping is common in this part of the world, the use of r-dropping in the commercial suggests that ordinary people such as the viewer are welcome at this company.<br><br>The second example I provided is a photo of a street sign in Dublin in May 2019 (the same sign was there as of July 2022). This sign is a PSA reminding people to clean up after their dogs. The text appears in two languages, but there is a clear difference in formality between the translations. The English text, "bin the poo", is far more colloquial than the Irish "glan suas é" (literally: clean it up). Due to the geographic distribution of Irish speakers, it is safe to assume that most people seeing this sign will be Anglophone. However, laws require anything written by the government including signs to be written in both of the country's official languages. The mismatch in formality therefore shows a desire to appear friendly and approachable to English speakers, but official and distant to Irish speakers.&nbsp;The creators of this sign wanted English speakers to have a quick laugh while hearing an important message, but only want to do the bare minimum to satisfy Irish speakers.<br><br>These two examples show an interesting contrast: the commercial makes its audience feel welcome, while the sign makes part of its audience feel unwelcome.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-09-29 01:11:35 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2318479069</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Entry 4: Hahvahd Shirt</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2329594487</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This shirt appears on Etsy, although similar shirts can be found in the bookstore at Harvard University. Harvard is near Boston, a city known for r-dropping, which is a stigmatized variant. This shirt's use of "ah" instead of "ar" therefore suggests some covert prestige associated with the variant.<br>R-dropping is typically associated with the working and middle classes, and with the less educated. This group in society is very different than the people associated with Harvard; they are among the most respected, educated, and often the wealthiest members of society. It is unexpected for a Harvard student or graduate to drop their r's. This shirt is likely intended to contrast the proper, 'pretentious' speech of Harvard students from the less prestigious speech of 'everyday' people.&nbsp;<br>In both of the places where it can be found (Etsy and the Harvard store), it has two different effects. When this shirt is licensed by the university, it is trying to convey a casualness and welcoming image. Harvard has long been seen as an elitist institution and they are taking small steps to change this perception. Seeing this shirt in the store might make lower class potential students think that they are welcome because people in Boston speak like they do, so they should fit in. In the Etsy store, however, the shirt comes across as mocking. Harvard graduates say "harvard", but "hahvahd" is how the school is pronounced by 'real' people, and there's nothing Harvard can do to stop it. R-dropping is associated with a lower level of education, but compared to Harvard students nearly everyone is uneducated. In this sense, the social group with lower prestige actually makes up such a huge amount of the population that the people who don't fit into it are the minority. In this sense, r-dropping signifies a casualness shared by a majority of the population, while keeping r's signifies a higher amount of education and potentially pretentiousness.<br><br></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2022-10-06 15:25:38 UTC</pubDate>
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      <item>
         <title>Research Project Stage 1</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2347275871</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>I am researching variations of the words "yes" and "no". Variants such as "yeah", "yep", and "nope" appear in more informal speech. I am interested in whether there is a difference between how students, TAs, and professors use the different variants during class, and my hypothesis was that students would speak the most informally, professors the most formally, and TAs in between. As of 11:30 AM on the October 19th, I have collected 34 tokens. 13 are from TAs, 15 are from students, and 6 are from professors. I will continue sitting in on classes and watching lecture recordings on YouTube to collect more data, with a focus on professors.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-10-19 15:37:26 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2347275871</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>Research project stage 2</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2358360922</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>I have made a slight change to my research question: I have combined the TA and professor categories because it was very challenging to get meaningful amounts of data from both of these groups. As of 10:39 PM, I have 50 tokens. 31 are from instructors, and 19 are from students.&nbsp;<br><br>I am aware that this is far below the goal. Unfortunately I had terrible luck with the lectures I observed for the past week. I had better luck watching recorded lectures on Youtube, so I will continue to do that over the weekend.  My experience so far suggests that social science instructors answer the most questions during classes, so I will prioritize these classes as much as possible. </div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-10-27 03:12:03 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2358360922</guid>
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         <title>Entry 5: Communication Styles</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2368471076</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>https://www.huffpost.com/entry/men-vs-women-communication-styles-explained_b_59dc8d69e4b060f005fbd6ab</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/men-vs-women-communication-styles-explained_b_59dc8d69e4b060f005fbd6ab" />
         <pubDate>2022-11-03 13:41:28 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2368471076</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Entry 5: &quot;sorry&quot;</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2368483025</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>https://www.elle.com.au/culture/women-need-to-stop-saying-sorry-24986</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://www.elle.com.au/culture/women-need-to-stop-saying-sorry-24986" />
         <pubDate>2022-11-03 13:46:45 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2368483025</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>Entry 5</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2368527590</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>The first article comments on the difference between men's and women's speech. It is fairly consistent with the findings of Deborah Tannen's book "You Just Don't Understand!", which claims that women use language to build relationships (rapport style) and men use it to accomplish more 'practical' tasks (report style). The Huffington Post article makes a similar comment; women are emotional and use language to share their emotions, while men use language in a solution-driven way. The other article, from Elle Australia, suggests that women apologize too much. This means that our genuine apologies are seen as less significant that they would be if we didn't apologize so much. (Not everything in this article is a linguistic variable-some of it is a more general "stop apologizing for what you wear" or "for doing well", but others are linguistic. Women are anecdotally more likely to say sorry for having to repeat themselves, for example.) It also reflects the women's side of the difference model: women use language to be agreeable and maintain relationships even when there is no threat to a relationship over something small. The second article references a specific linguistic variable but does not use any data to support its claim. The first article doesn't make any specific claim about the difference in speech and it (unsurprisingly) doesn't use any data. It is noteworthy that both of these articles were written by women, which suggests that the author's goal is to help women be taken more seriously rather than to criticize women for a pet peeve.</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2022-11-03 14:11:05 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2368527590</guid>
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         <title>Entry 6: Phatic</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2388407907</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This is an example of emojis being used for phatic communication. The emojis don't add a ton to the discussion other than framing that specific text. The goal of the text was to tease (though not refute) the idea that freedom is the most important thing to consider in politics. Adding these emojis was therefore meant to contribute to that goal. They make it clearer that the message is not entirely serious because they are symbols that we would expect from somebody who is over the top about their views on freedom. The eagle and the flag help to frame the text within the conversation by showing that the text is meant to be a joke, at least to a certain extent, by making the message of the text seem excessively strong.</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2022-11-17 14:45:25 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2388407907</guid>
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         <title>Entry 6: Expressive</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2388426576</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This is an example of expressive communication through emojis. This text came from my boyfriend, who is often the first person to tell me about important political events. In this message, the goal was to tell me about the US government buying iodine pills (an antidote to radiation poisoning), suggesting that the government thinks nuclear war is enough of a possibility that we need to prepare. The upside-down smiley face emoji is meant to communicate his views on this news. Many of my peers use this emoji to indicate not happiness, but alarm; it means something like "send help" or "I'm acting fine but things really aren't fine" (a viral tweet from a few years ago described it as being similar to flying a flag upside down). In the context of this text, the emoji indicates that he is concerned about the news and also helplessness about the fact that everyday citizens can't do much about it. Since the emoji expresses his emotions, it is expressive communication.</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2022-11-17 14:55:30 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2388426576</guid>
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         <title>Entry 6: Referential</title>
         <author>lnp2011</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/lnp2011/7cwdu74slok5st5n/wish/2388448955</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>This is a text from my grandmother. It is a very typical text from her: she will often write a long paragraph in an email-like style, and end it with "I ❤️ U". In this closing, the emoji stands in for the word "love". It conveys information directly, because it is used as a word itself. It is a very easy and effective use of emojis, which may be why somebody like my grandmother can do it. Somebody who uses the Internet a lot, and who texts younger people a lot, will have no trouble understanding the nuances of how many emoji are used, even when they are used unintuitively. My grandmother doesn't have as much exposure to emoji, so she only uses the most self-explanatory ones. But ❤️ means love to&nbsp;every generation, so it is easy to use it to stand in for the word.</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2022-11-17 15:07:05 UTC</pubDate>
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