Phase 1 : Literature Review | Revisit Sick City by Noel Chee https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2 Group 2 - Seksyen 51 en-us 2021-10-21 13:40:20 UTC 2024-05-25 20:13:07 UTC hello@padlet.com Governance jamison5315 https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1832440235 Cumulative Covid-19 cases

The Malaysian government has been vigilant on Covid-19
since January 2020, starting with issuance of advice against
travelling to China on 25 January after three Chinese citizens were tested positive for Covid-19 (Immigration Department of Malaysia 2020).

The implemention of MCO given a notable decrese of cases and the reduction in active Covid-19 cases is evident since 5th April.

Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice Auth: Kuok Ho Daniel Tang
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01316-w
]]> 2021-10-21 03:53:50 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1832440235 Social Impact Amanda05 https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1839300830  ' The influence of COVID-19 on the societal mobility of urban spaces'

After the call off of the lockdown, people have shown a very strong desire for social interactions in sociable locations.

The  results of  people's behavioral patterns in  urban spaces during both periods revealed that the most common behaviors were walking, talking, sitting and standing, respectively.

Askarizad, Reza et al. The Influence Of COVID-19 On The Societal Mobility Of Urban Spaces. 2021, https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0264275121002870?token=A78B19234D487C5C484FAC08DD440214437158C91EB7156B5FDBFC72072B5E11669814791EE34BD900765CC9EE48C134&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20211021050316, Accessed 21 Oct 2021.]]> 2021-10-24 14:04:40 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1839300830 Economic Impacts of The Pandemic ameyrahkhayrin97 https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1839409063 The world was stunted with an unexpected setback in the end of 2019 when we were hit by the Covid-19 virus.  It was announced as a pandemic in 11th March 2020, after cases were announced to have been detected in 195 countries with further spread risk. This has caused a drastic impact on global trade and stock markets due to a large spike in cases causing isolation within the community and closure of businesses and country borders.

In context of Malaysia, a lot of future planning and improvements designed for the country has been halted due to this pandemic. One of it was the Visit Malaysia 2020 campaign which aimed to attract more than 30 million tourist worldwide. Tourism is considered one of our niches to elevate the country's economy which covered 50 million of the export trade. However, the pandemic has brought over RM 100 billion loss to the country (Shakeel, Mohamad Azmi & Naqvi, 2020)

Bank Negara Malaysia also stated that the economic impact of the pandemic was  much bigger than the 2007 to 2008 financial crisis. This is due to the plummet in economic sectors such as the industrial sectors, retail sectors as well as property. This was then appended by the drop in the world oil prices, in which Malaysia is known to be one of the biggest oil exporter in the world ( SMH Kabir1 , Ahasanul Haque2 , Mohammad Moshiur Rahman3 & Zainatul Shuhaida Abd Rahman, 2020)

As we are all aware of, the retail industry is one of the prominent casualty of Covid-19 ( Roszi Naszariah Nasni Naseri et.al, 2021) To cope with that, many have opted for online shopping and E-commerce method to ease their daily routine in abiding the imposed Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) by the government. There is a rise by 9.3% in E-commerce since April 2020 ( Roszi Naszariah Nasni Naseri et.al, 2021) This has also caused a drastic demand in courier services. Therefore, there is a need for an innovative approach to be introduced especially in the architecture and environment aspect to accommodate the needs of this newly rising economic sector.

In conclusion, the economic sector in Malaysia was badly affected by the Covid-19 pandemic due to lack in governance and coordination by the government, research and development in preparing for a pandemic as well as proper city development to accommodate a pandemic wave. Thus, a pandemic proof city by rejuvenating urban areas are very much called for.


References:

1.  Health and Economic Impact of COVID-19: Mapping the Consequences of a Pandemic in Malaysia Sadia Shakeel1,2, Mohammad Azmi Ahmed Hassali1 , Atta Abbas Naqvi3
Retrieved on 21st October 2021 from :
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409569/

2.  How to Minimize the Impact Caused by Global Pandemic in Malaysia SMH Kabir1 , Ahasanul Haque2 , Mohammad Moshiur Rahman3 and Zainatul Shuhaida Abd Rahman4
Retrieved on 21st October 2021 from :
http://irep.iium.edu.my/83129/1/83129_How%20to%20minimize%20the%20impact%20caused.pdf 

3. Issues And Challenges Of Online Shoppingactivities On The Impact Of Corona Pandemic:A Study On Malaysia Retail Industry Roszi Naszariah Nasni Naseri 1, Nurul Zamratul Asyikin Ahmad 2, Sharina Shariff 3 , Harniyati Hussin 2 ,
Mohd Norazmi bin Nordin 4
Retrieved on 21st October 2021 from :
https://www.turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/view/5680

]]> 2021-10-24 15:06:22 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1839409063 Smart Cities chenlitying https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1839464321
The outbreak of corona virus is pushing the policy makers, urban planners and architects to re-think for a better urban development.  Cities that lack of planning and preparation, have become epicenter of Covid-19 due to high population density and mobility can increase the spread of virus. Smart city (SC) is known as a important approach to enhance our urban development and improve the quality of life of urban dwellers as well as to prepare all of us for next crisis. 
 
The concept of Smart City was initially introduced based on the idea of integration among the systems related to services that assist living in urban areas, connecting human and technological capital and seeking ways to improve the relations between the city and its population. Today, Smart City notion is still ambiguous due to lack of standardization and global diffusion is not mainstreamed due to technological, economical and governing barriers. (Alberto & Giulio, 2021)
 
Smart Community, Smart Government, Smart Healthcare, Smart Information are mostly directly related to Covid-19 Pandemic prevention and control. (Inn, 2020; Xu, Ding et al, 2020; Xu, Luo et al., 2020). Smart Community is related to “Zero contact service”, “High efficiency identification” and other smart community technologies. A Smart Community has high efficiency in emergency information collection, floating population management as well as the allowing the citizen to use e-commerce services in community. For example, Wuhan had implemented “micro-neighbourhood” smart community platform which enable citizen to do “self-examination and report of pneumonia”. For Smart Government, the “City Brain” platform in Hangzhou had helped the policymaker to trace the number of confirmed case in real time. (Yang & Chong, 2021)
 
For Smart Healthcare, in Henan, Covid-19 online consultation service with the help of the online system of interconnected smart health service hospital had facilitated process of diagnosis and treatment, and coordination of regional medical resources. Lastly, for Smart Information, it is to promote information sharing, especially the floating population and geographical location information. The 4 categories are interrelated because government, communities and healthcare system can response efficiently with the help of the smart support tool developed from the idea of smart city. (Yang & Chong, 2021)

Another smart city solution that contributes to the control of pandemic is 5G infrastructure in cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Bangkok. 5G technology improves the efficiency, speed, and flexibility of pandemic related interventions such as telemedicine, supply chain management, self-isolation and so on. (Sharifi & Khavarian-Garmsir & Kummitha, 2021)
 
In Malaysia, the federal government had launched the MySejahtera application as a monitoring tool to empower the citizens in self-assessing their health risk against COVID-19. Other tracing initiatives implemented by state governments are the Selangkah, PGCare, and Qmunity applications by the Selangor, Penang, and Sarawak state governments, respectively. COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia. (Muhamad & Lee & Mokhtar, 2021)
 
The Smart City solution had facilitated the tracing and tracking, diagnosis, sharing information, etc. which helps significantly in the prevention and control of Covid-19. In conclusion, technology has become a key factor of controlling pandemic outbreak. Hence, it is crucial to implement Smart City solution as it is able to enhance the resilient ability of a city. 


References:

1. Alberto,D.M., & Giulio,M.(2021).Evolutionary trends in smart city initiatives. Sustainable Futures.  Retrieved on 21 October 2021 from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666188821000113


2. Yang,S.S., & Chong,Z.(2021).Smart city projects against COVID-19: Quantitative evidence from China. Sustainable Cities and Society. Retrieved on 21 October 2021 from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670721001852?via%3Dihub

3. Sharifi, A. & Khavarian-Garmsir,A.R., & Kummitha, R.K.R.(2021).Contributions of Smart City Solutions and Technologies to Resilience against the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8018.  Retrieved on 21 October 2021 from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/14/8018

4. Muhamad Khair, N.K. & Lee, K.E.& Mokhtar, M.(2021).Community-Based Monitoring in the New Normal: A Strategy for Tackling the COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6712. Retrieved on 21 October 2021 from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34206384/ 

]]> 2021-10-24 15:39:17 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1839464321 Urban Design gzteoh https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1839902189 The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management

Since the early days of the COVID-19 crisis the scientific community has constantly been striving to shed light on various issues such as the mechanisms driving the spread of the virus, its environmental and socio-economic impacts, and necessary recovery and adaptation plans and policies. Given the high concentration of population and economic activities in cities, they are often hotspots of COVID-19 infections. Accordingly, many researchers are struggling to explore the dynamics of the pandemic in urban areas to understand impacts of COVID-19 on cities. In this study we seek to provide an overview of COVID-19 research related to cities by reviewing literature published during the first eight months after the first confirmed cases were reported in Wuhan, China. The main aims are to understand impacts of the pandemic on cities and to highlight major lessons that can be learned for post-COVID urban planning and design. Results show that, in terms of thematic focus, early research on the impacts of COVID-19 on cities is mainly related to four major themes, namely, (1) environmental quality, (2) socio-economic impacts, (3) management and governance, and (4) transportation and urban design. While this indicates a diverse research agenda, the first theme that covers issues related to air quality, meteorological parameters, and water quality is dominant, and the others are still relatively underexplored. Improvements in air and water quality in cities during lockdown periods highlight the significant environmental impacts of anthropogenic activities and provide a wake-up call to adopt environmentally friendly development pathways. The paper also provides other recommendations related to the socio-economic factors, urban management and governance, and transportation and urban design that can be used for post-COVID urban planning and design. Overall, existing knowledge shows that the COVID-19 crisis entails an excellent opportunity for planners and policy makers to take transformative actions towards creating cities that are more just, resilient, and sustainable.

Sharifi, A., & Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R. (2020, December 20). The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Science of the Total Environment. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142391
]]> 2021-10-24 21:20:57 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1839902189 Transport Huiyen12 https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1840181146 Many things can be done to ensure Malaysia’s public transport that not only facilitate social distancing while Covid-19 is still with us, but also to make it greener and more accessible to the public.

One of the things that can be done is that building newer LRT and MRT connecting lines should not be the only focus, but also ensure that frequent maintenance should be carried out to ensure passengers are safe and comfortable.

Next is the bus services, especially those in the Klang Valley. Although 80% of the residents in the Klang Valley own a car or motorcycle, buses still remain relevant, particularly for the elderly, young adults as well as foreign workers. The Rapid buses should be punctual and have a time allocated to them.

In conclusion, a good integrated transport system will be crucial for Malaysia’s recovery. Public transportation may not be as packed as it was pre-pandemic but this is only temporary hence we should not waste time in carrying out much needed improvements and maintenance to our system.

Ling T.K. A public transport agenda for Malaysia. 2021. https://www.malaysianow.com/opinion/2021/09/05/a-public-transport-agenda-for-malaysia/
]]> 2021-10-25 01:02:15 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1840181146 Transport Huiyen12 https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1841110296 One of the most rapid and significant impacts of the ongoing pandemic in urban areas, is the population movement and transportation infrastructure that increase inter-urban connectivity is Urban Mobility.
"United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)" has created a task force to develop a set of principles for green and healthy Sustainable Mobility measures designed to allow people to safely move in urban spaces, while also considering that physical distancing will be the new norm for the foreseeable future. 
Action towards sustainable mobility can produce large public health benefits such as:

· reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, which leads to a cleaner environment. 
· increase in walking, cycling and the use of public transit to reduce less use of private vehicles.
· reducing community divisions hence minimize unnecessary journeys.

Many cities have already announced or implemented measures like hundreds of miles of new bike lanes, pedestrian areas, street retro-fittings, mass tree planting and investments in renewable energy.

-Paris is planning to implement Plan Vélo, a plan born
out of the idea of “ville du quart d’heure”, a city where everything a resident need should be reachable
within a 15-minute non-motorized trip. The plan provides all neighbourhoods with every necessary amenity in terms of leisure, retail, schools and public services, all within walking or cycling distance.
-To enhance social distancing in Mexico City, one of the most populous cities in the world, the administration announced the provision of new bike paths to keep people of public transportation.
-The Office of the Mayor of London and Transport for London, announced the London Streetscape Plan, a massive transformation of public roads aimed to create new walking and cycling routes along major corridors, including temporary cycle lanes.

In conclusion, urban cities must now take up the challenge to start proper urban planning to support the recovery of our cities and lay the foundations for efficient post-pandemic cities by implementing sustainable mobility plans, rethinking the way we move through the city and the way we use urban spaces.

Barbarossa, L. The Post Pandemic City: Challenges and Opportunities for a Non-Motorized Urban Environment. An Overview of Italian Cases. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177172
]]> 2021-10-25 09:13:26 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1841110296 Water Resources rehanhussain0104 https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1841308291 The quality of river water has a significant impact on human life. Humans use rivers for irrigation in agriculture, daily necessities such as drinking water, transportation, for generating electricity through hydroelectric dams and for leisure activities. Due to urbanization and modernization, river water pollution is a severe problem in Malaysia and has an adverse impact on the sustainability of water resources.
 
According the journal Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering. The title of the journal The river water quality before and during the Movement Control Order (MCO) in Malaysia by Chai Lee Goi. There have a difference river water quality before the implementation of the Movement Control Order (MCO) due to the COVID-19 pandemic and during the implementation of MCO in Malaysia.

Before the Movement Control Order (MCO) there have a lot of major river management issues are linked to water quality. From the data(DoE) the river were slightly polluted. The major causes of pollution to the rivers are related to anthropogenic activities. Specifically, the sources of contamination are caused by industrial areas, sewages, workshops, residential areas, animal husbandry activities, example pig farms, agricultural activities, landfills, plantation activities, market, food court and hawker stalls.

During the Movement Control Order (MCO) in March 2020, many rivers were reportedly much cleaner and clearer than before. The river recently begun to recover. It is clearer and recovering after it was cleaned by itself. This is happen because the factories and industries around have stopped operations during Movement Control Order (MCO).

The conclusion that we can do to control the water river quality is to stringent law enforcement, public awareness about water resources, encourage people to 3R (recycle, reduce, reuse) and also segregation the waste.

Reference:
Chai Lee Goi, The river water quality before and during the Movement Control Order (MCO) in Malaysia. September 2020.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016420300256
]]> 2021-10-25 11:15:17 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1841308291 Governance jamison5315 https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1841345282 Two sectors that will emerge larger and stronger in the post-pandemic world are: digital technology and outsourcing, and healthcare and pharmaceuticals. 

People can be offered a high salary to work in sectors that require physical interaction with others. This will help keep supply chains unbroken. Normally, the market would have on its own caused such a salary increase but in this case, the main benefit of marshaling this labor force is on the aggregate economy and GDP and therefore is a classic case of positive externality, which the free market does not adequately reward. It is more a challenge of governance. As with most economic policy, this will need careful research and design before being implemented. We have to be aware that a policy like this will come with its risk of bribery and corruption. There is also the moral hazard challenge of poor people choosing to get COVID-19 in order to qualify for these special jobs. Safeguards will be needed against these risks. 

But we believe that any government that succeeds in implementing an intelligently-designed intervention to draw on this huge, underutilized resource can have a big, positive impact on the economy 

The complexity of managing COVID-19: How important is good governance "Reimagining the global economy: Building back better in a post-COVID-19 world,"
Alaka M. Basu, Kaushik Basu, and Jose Maria U. Tapia
https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-complexity-of-managing-covid-19-how-important-is-good-governance/


]]> 2021-10-25 11:37:00 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1841345282 Environmental Factors belindajy416 https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1841384571 There are several factors involved in transmitting the virus. Characteristics of the ambient environment can influence the transmission dynamics by affecting the survival of the virus on contaminated surfaces and/or its airborne diffusion. Due to context specificities, and the number and complexity of parameters involved, results reported regarding the influence of environmental factors on COVID-19 are not uniform across different cities and regions.
 
Temperature
“Each 1 °C increase in the temperature is associated with −4.8951% decrease in the cumulative daily number of confirmed COVID-19 cases but it cannot be stated that temperature rise can contribute to containing the virus. This is supported by the fact that countries such as Iran have experienced the second wave of the pandemic despite entering the warm season.” Therefore, social distancing and other protection measures should continuously be promoted in urban areas.
 
Humidity
“There is relatively good consensus in the reviewed literature that drier air favors the transmission of the virus but after controlling for the effect of population density, the effect of humidity was not significant.”
 
Wind Speed
“Low wind speed was often coupled with high levels of air pollution (PM 10 and O3). These pollutants likely become carriers of the virus, and calm air increases the risk of transmission by allowing them to stay in the air for a more extended period.” This highlights the significance of reducing air pollution in cities.

The global disruption caused by the COVID-19 has brought about several effects on the environment and climate. Due to movement restrictions and a significant slowdown of social and economic activities, air quality has improved in many cities with a reduction in water pollution in different parts of the world. Besides, increased use of PPE (e.g. face mask, hand gloves, etc.), their haphazard disposal, and generation of a huge amount of hospital waste have negative impacts on the environment. 
 
It is assumed that all of these environmental consequences are short-term. So, it is high time to make a proper strategy for long-term benefit, as well as sustainable environmental management. Therefore, some possible strategies are proposed for global environmental sustainability:
i. Sustainable industrialization
ii. Use of green & public transport
iii. Use of renewable energy
iv. Wastewater treatment & reuse
v. Waste recycling & reuse
vi. Ecological Restoration & ecotourism
vii. Behavioural change in daily life
viii. International cooperation

Reference:
1. Shakil, Mohammad Hassan, et al. "COVID-19 and the environment: A critical review and research agenda." Science of the Total Environment (2020): 141022. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720345514 

2.Rume, Tanjena, and SM Didar-Ul Islam. "Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability." Heliyon (2020): e04965.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020318089#bib69
]]> 2021-10-25 11:57:11 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1841384571 Air Quality noelchee https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1841448352 Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the lifestyle and approach of people to their surroundings. Generally, public space is defined as space to which people normally have unrestricted access and right of way. In other words, public places and spaces are public because anyone is entitled to be physically present in them. 

The COVID-19 clusters involving the workplace which stood at 735 clusters, recorded the highest number of cases at 60,000 cases from June 1 to July 23 as reported by National Recovery Plan (PPN) Coordinating Minister Tengku Datuk Seri Zafrul Tengku Abdul Aziz on 26th July 2021. 

Notwithstanding, the design, materials used and management and maintenance of public space is a key in fighting the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Public space should be designed to allow for adequate air circulation.

How Indoor Air Transmits COVID-19
Transmission of COVID-19 from inhalation of virus in the air can occur at distances greater than six feet. Particles from an infected person can move throughout an entire room or indoor space. The particles can also linger in the air after a person has left the room – they can remain airborne for hours in some cases.

National Recovery Plan (PPN) Phase 4
Recent announcement by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob that Klang Valley and Melaka will enter Phase 4 effectively from 18th October 2021, all economic sectors are allowed to open and with full force operation. Hence, it is critical to mitigate the risk by improving ventilation and air quality in indoor environments. Notwithstanding, there shall be enforcement of ventilation and indoor air quality improvement guidelines in the public places to reduce the risk of airborne transmission.

Guidelines on Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality Improvement
Further to the above, The Human Resources Ministry has released a ventilation and indoor air quality guide (refer to attachment) for the public to reduce the airborne transmission of Covid-19.

The objective of this guide is to inform the public about the methods to improve ventilation and indoor air quality in the workplace, health facilities, as well as housing and public places to reduce the risk of Covid-19 transmission by air.


1. Guidance note on ventilation and indoor air quality (IAQ ... (n.d.). Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/guidance-note-on-indoor-air-quality-iaq-during-covid-19-pandemic/3939-guidance-note-on-ventilation-and-indoor-air-quality-iaq-for-public-area-during-covid-19-pandemic/file. 

2. Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). EPA. Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/indoor-air-and-coronavirus-covid-19. 

3. Saidi. (2021, July 26). Workplace Clusters Record Highest Covid-19 cases – tengku zafrul. Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia. Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://www.mof.gov.my/en/news/press-citations/workplace-clusters-record-highest-covid-19-cases-tengku-zafrul. 
]]> 2021-10-25 12:24:20 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1841448352 Air quality status during MCO 2020 allyyfy https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1856258617 Introduction
An outbreak of respiratory illness which is proven to be infected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) that was first detected in Wuhan, China. Therefore,  Malaysia Movement Control Order (MCO) in 2020 was implemented with the aim to isolate the source of the COVID-19 outbreak.

As a result, there were fewer number of motor vehicles on the road and the operation of industries was suspended, ergo reducing emissions of hazardous air pollutants in the atmosphere. We had acquired the Air Pollutant Index (API) data from the Department of Environment Malaysia on hourly basis before and during the MCO with the aim to track the changes of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at 68 air quality monitoring stations. It was found that the PM2.5 concentrations showed a high reduction of up to 58.4% during the MCO.

Several red zone areas (>41 confirmed COVID-19 cases) had also reduced of up to 28.3% in the PM2.5 concentrations variation. The reduction did not solely depend on MCO, thus the researchers suggest a further study considering the influencing factors that need to be adhered to in the future.

References:
1. Department of Environment Malaysia
https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en/info-umum/kuality-udara/114 (2020), Accessed 14th Apr 2020.

2. Malaysian National Security Council (NSC)
https://www.mkn.gov.my/web/ms/covid-19/ (2020), Accessed 15th Apr 2020.

3. World Health Organisation (WHO), 2017. Evolution of WHO Air Quality Guidelines: Past, Present and Future.
http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/air-quality/publications/2017/evolution-of-who-air-quality-guidelines-past-present-and-future-2017, Accessed 14 April 2020.]]> 2021-10-31 06:28:45 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1856258617 Actions taken by the Malaysian government during Covid-19 outbreak (Economic impacts) allyyfy https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1856266658 Introduction
The world is currently experiencing a deadly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The Director General of the World Health Organization (WHO), Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, in his opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 on April 10, 2020, announced that the COVID-19 outbreak had affected 213 countries, with 1,524,162 confirmed positive cases and 92,941 deaths. COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that infects the respiratory tract. About 80% of patients experience mild infections and recover. The remaining patients have severe infections with dyspnoea and low blood oxygen saturation, or may be in a critical state with respiratory or multiple organ failure (WHO, 2019).

Outbreak situation
A stringent screening process at all airports in Malaysia was enforced after the first case outside China was reported in Thailand. Up to April 14, 2020, Malaysia had reported two waves of COVID-19 cases, with the first wave ending successfully within less than 2 months. In early March 2020, the second wave occurred, with worrying situations.

Actions taken
The Government of Malaysia enforced a Movement Control Order starting on March 18, 2020 to break the chain of COVID-19. The media actively spread the hashtag #stayhome. Non-governmental organizations, as well as prison inmates, started to produce personal protective equipment for frontliners. Various organizations hosted fundraising events to provide essentials mainly to hospitals. A provisional hospital was set up and collaborations with healthcare service providers were granted, while additional laboratories were assigned to enhance the capabilities of the Ministry of Health.

Economic downturn
An initial financial stimulus amounting to RM 20.0 billion was released in February 2020, before the highlighted PRIHATIN Package, amounting to RM 250 billion, was announced. The PRIHATIN Package has provided governmental support to society, covering people of various backgrounds from students and families to business owners.

References:
1. Kesiapsiagaan dan respons KKM dalam menghadapi potensi penularan novel Coronavirus, Wuhan, China.
http://www.moh.gov.my/index.php/database_stores/store_view_page/21/1296, Accessed 30 March 2020

2. Tindakan KKM bagi pengesanan kontak (contact tracing) kepada kes pertama positif novel Coronavirus di negara Singapura
http://www.moh.gov.my/index.php/database_stores/store_view_page/21/1300, Accessed 30 March 2020

3. Situasi terkini jangkitan 2019 novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) di Malaysia
https://kpkesihatan.com/2020/01/30/kenyataan-akhbar-kpk-30-januari-2020-situasi-terkini-jangkitan-2019-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-di-malaysia/, Accessed 30 March 2020
]]> 2021-10-31 06:41:09 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1856266658 jamison5315 https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1868856377
  • be safe, accessible and well connected for pedestrians and cyclists to optimise active transport
  • offer high-quality public realm and open spaces
  • provide services and destinations that support local living
  • facilitate access to quality public transport that connects people to jobs and higher-order services
  • deliver housing/population at densities that make local services and transport viable
  • facilitate thriving local economies.

    • ]]>     2021-11-05 01:37:45 UTC https://padlet.com/noelchee/ARC5001G2/wish/1868856377