2. Without subsidies, fares would rise, harming low-income users, reducing access to services, and potentially increasing congestion and pollution, deepening social inequality.

3.- Target subsidies to vulnerable groups.

- Use income-based pricing.

- Improve service efficiency.

- Encourage public-private partnerships.

- Support walking and cycling infrastructure.

4.- Integrate transport modes (buses, trains, metro).

- Focus subsidies on those in need.

- Invest in mass transit infrastructure.

- Involve the private sector.

- Adopt green technologies like electric buses.

• More lower-income groups have access to green transportation (due to lower price)

2. What would be the long-term consequences if subsidies were removed?

• Decrease in demand which leads to an increase in traffic congestion, increase in fuel consumption, decrease in business productivity, and possibly decrease in tourism revenue

• Polluted environment

3. How can the subsidy system be optimized for maximum benefit?

• See if the benefits of subsidy can outweigh costs to tax payers and the economy

• Consider long term benefits (e.g. environmental impacts) and prevent inefficient practices (too much dependence)

• Consider factors such as consumers' preferences, tech advancement, etc

4. What lessons can other Southeast Asian cities learn from Bangkok's experience?

• Goverments can encourage green consumption by providing subsidies