Social Perspective

conceptualized motivation as:

independent of cognitive characteristics

distinguishing social and cognitive characteristics from other types of learning motivation

Individuals' attitudes toward target language community

individual motivational cognitions

learner behaviors

learning process and experience

features of the learning situation

"Through the 1990s and the turn of the century, however, efforts were made to bring motivation research in second language acquisition more in line with cognitive theories of motivation, leading to a sharper focus on the classroom setting, and on relationships among individual motivational cognitions (e.g., goals, beliefs, perceptions of competence), learner behaviors (e.g., effort, task engagement or avoidance), learning process and experience (e.g., success, failure), and features of the learning situation (e.g., materials, teaching methods, interpersonal relations, competitive versus collaborative learning environments)."

"despite the increased focus on the classroom setting in the study of language‐learning motivation, the complex social and cultural implications of acquiring a new communication code have continued to preoccupy motivation researchers in second language acquisition, and Gardner and Lambert's concepts of integrative and instrumental motivational orientation have maintained their enduring influence on theorizing about why people learn languages or choose particular languages to learn."

• the integration of sociodynamic interactions (social and context) into the classroom-based research.

Dörnyei’s L2 Motivational Self System：

ideal L2 self, ought-to L2 self and learning experience

Globalization and Identity in Motivation：

English as a global language and lingua franca.

Turned to focus instead on the internal domain of self and identity and to consider language‐learning motivation as a process of identification within the person's self‐concept.

Dynamic Systems Theory and Sociocultural Perspectives：

-motivation is considered dynamic process that evolves in the contexts

-motivation as an organic process