Answer: It's our Digestive System.

Answer: Respiratory System allows the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in our body.

Answer: The Circulatory System is responsible for sustaining blood for our entire body.

1. nasal cavity
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. lungs
6. bronchi
7. alveoli
8. diaphragm

The main function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen into the body and remove/get rid of the carbon dioxide from the body. It is very important because all the cells need oxygen to live and function properly. 

Every cell in your body needs oxygen in order to live. The air we breathe contains oxygen and other gases it will enter through our nose or mouth, then it will pass through our pharynx, larynx and trachea. The trachea is divided into two bronchi. The bronchi is branched into brochioles in which you can find the alveoli at the end of it. Once in the lungs, oxygen is moved into the bloodstream and carried through your body. At each cell in your body, oxygen is exchanged for a waste gas called carbon dioxide.

The gases exchanged in the respiratory system is the oxygen and the carbon dioxide. Gas exchange takes place in the millions of alveoli or air sacs in the lungs and the capillaries that envelop it.

Some animals such as earthworms breathe through their skin. The dissolved oxygen in the water diffuses into their skin, which acts as a respiratory membrane to provide oxygen to their cells. All its respiratory membranes and structures must be kept moist. 

Gills are adaptive structures for breathing in fishes. These are where exchange of gases takes olace. Gills are extensions of the outer surface of the body of the fishes, where dissolved oxygen in the warer diffuses. 

Insects use spiracles for breathing. These adaptive structures consist of respiratory tubes directly connected to the openings of their exoskeleton (external skeleton). 

The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out. Oxygen breathed in from the air passes through the alveoli and into the blood and travels to the tissues throughout the body.

The bronchi's function is to carry air that is breathed in through to the functional tissues of the lungs, called alveoli. 

The nasal cavity is divided into two sections called nasal passages. Air moves through these passages during breathing. The nasal passages filter and warm the air, and make it moist before it goes into the lungs.

The larynx plays an essential role in human speech. During sound production, the vocal cords close together and vibrate as air expelled from the lungs passes between them. 

The trachea, commonly called the windpipe, is the main airway to the lungs. It divides into the right and left bronchi.

The diaphragm is the primary muscle used in respiration, which is the process of breathing. This dome-shaped muscle is located just below the lungs and heart. It contracts and relaxes continually as you breathe in and out.

The lungs are responsible for adding oxygen into our bodies and removing carbon dioxide from our blood.

As a component of the upper respiratory tract, the pharynx is part of the conducting zone for air into the lungs. Therefore, one of its primary functions is to warm and humidify air before it reaches the lungs.

Alveoli are an important part of the respiratory system whose function it is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules from the bloodstream. These are tiny, balloon-shaped air sacs that sit at the very end of the respiratory tree and are arranged in clusters throughout the lungs. This is where the gas exchange happens.

The diaphragm is considered as the one of the major muscle of respiration. This muscle plays an important role in breathing as its alternating movement (contracts and relaxes) helps you inhale and exhale.

nostrils > nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

The bronchus in the lungs are lined with hair-like projections called cilia that move microbes and debris up and out of the airways. 

After playing sports or doing physical activities, your breathing and heart rate increase so that more oxygenated blood can flow into your muscles. If you aren't breathing enough during or after playing, your heart may not be pumping enough oxygenated blood into your brain. 

Answer: Bronchi

Answer: Trachea

Answer: Alveoli

Earthworms have a closed circulatory system, but they don't have a true heart. Instead, earthworms have five aortic arches, which are vessels that function similarly to a heart, pumping blood to the dorsal and ventral blood vessels.

The right atrium is the first chamber of the heart to receive deoxygenated and carbon dioxide-rich systemic blood from the body.

The right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs. 

Its primary roles are to act as a holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs and to act as a pump to transport blood to other areas of the heart.

The left ventricle is the thickest of the heart’s chambers and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to tissues all over the body. 

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The blood here passes through capillaries adjacent to alveoli and becomes oxygenated as part of the process of respiration.

The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aorta begins at the top of the left ventricle, the heart's muscular pumping chamber. The heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve. Three leaflets on the aortic valve open and close with each heartbeat to allow one-way flow of blood.

The right side of your heart receives oxygen-poor blood from your veins and pumps it to your lungs, where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. The left side of your heart receives oxygen-rich blood from your lungs and pumps it through your arteries to the rest of your body.

The human heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body while a pump is a device which moves fluids by mechanical action.
The function of the heart is to circulate blood through two pathways: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit while Mechanical Pump performs two functions. First, its mechanical action creates a vacuum at the pump inlet, second, its mechanical action delivers this liquid to the pump outlet.
The heart needs oxygen in order to keep functioning. The heart contains electrical "pacemaker" cells, which cause it to contract to produce a heartbeat as to the mechanical pump needs power or electricity in order to work and provide you service. So basically, the two both need a component in order to work efficiently.

Blood enters the heart through two large veins – the posterior (inferior) and the anterior (superior) vena cava – carrying deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium.

Blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve shuts to prevent blood flowing backwards into the atrium.

Blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and flows to the lungs.

The pulmonary vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium.

Blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the open mitral valve. When the ventricle is full, the mitral valve shuts to prevent blood from flowing backwards into the atrium.

Blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve into the aorta and to the rest of the body.superior


 superior and inferior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic semillunar valve > aorta

If I would compare the parts of the respiratory system to something, I will compare it to a bunch of grapes. Our alveoli looks like the delicious round fruit  while the uppermost part which is the stem represents the trachea or throat. The stems where the fruits are connected are like the bronchioles where you can find the alveoli at the end of it. 

The heart and lungs work together to make sure the body has the oxygen-rich blood it needs to function properly. The pulmonary loop the right side of the heart picks up the oxygen-poor blood from the body and moves it to the lungs for cleaning and re-oxygenating.

With each heartbeat, the heart sends blood throughout our bodies, carrying oxygen to every cell. The blood it pumps need to be transported to the lungs because this is where it gets oxygen. After delivering the oxygen, the blood returns to the heart. The heart then sends the blood to the lungs to pick up more oxygen.

The respiratory system works directly with the circulatory system to provide oxygen to the body. Oxygen taken in from the respiratory system moves into blood vessels that then the circulatory system circulate oxygen-rich blood to tissues and cells.

Pain or difficulty breathing that starts immediately after an injury may mean that organs inside the chest, such as the lungs, heart, or blood vessels, have been damaged. That may be the reason why Rolando's breathing rate increased and why he gasp because his chest organs might be damaged.

Arteries have thick walls composed of three distinct layers (tunica) Veins have thin walls but typically have wider lumen (lumen size may vary depending on specific artery or vein) Capillaries are very small and will not be easily detected under the same magnification as arteries and veins.

Capillaries consist of a single layer of epithelial cells, the endothelium tunic (tunica intima). Veins and arteries both have two further tunics that surround the endothelium: the middle, tunica media is composed of smooth muscle, while the outer tunica externa is connective tissue (collagen and elastic fibers).

The valves are structures that are overlapping tissues that prevent the backflow of blood, allowing blood to flow in one direction.

Larynx cancer
Oral Cavity cancer
Lung cancer
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema

Myocardial infarction
Systemic atherosclerosis

Second hand smoke is a smoke that is inhaled involuntarily from tobacco being smoked by others. Second hand smoke pose risk to non-smokers because the smoke coming from the cigarette is being inhaled by the non-smoker. Second hand smoke is actually the worse because the smoke from burning tobacco contains more harmful substances than inhaled smoke. This means people who are around smokers might have a higher risk of smoking-related disorders.The smoke from burning tobacco contains more harmful substances than inhaled smoke. This means people who are around smokers might have a higher risk of smoking-related disorders. Secondhand smoke exposure causes acute lower respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia in infants and young children. Secondhand smoke exposure causes children who already have asthma to experience more frequent and severe attacks.

There are so many possible reasons why some people engage to addictive habits like cigarette smoking. Some of the reasons I know is that they smoke because they're stressed. Some people are smoking because they're very stressed and they're facing so many problems in life. In that way, they use tobacco as a stress reliever. Another reason is peer pressure. You're being influenced and pressured by your peers to use tobacco to be fit in. The last reason that I know is that they smoke because of curiosity. Curiosity can lead to either positive or negative way. Some people, especially children nowadays are very curious and they want to copy everything they see just like smoking. They also get curious by watching or viewing advertisements about cigarette at their televisions.

I know stopping someone who is already addicted to doing something is very hard but let's keep in mind that there's always a way in stop them from being addicted to something especially when it's bad. Just like when someone is already addicted to smoking, they won't stop if you would not continuously remind them about the harmful effects tobacco smoking can cause them and the people around them. As a friend or relative, we should tell them that by smoking, we don't benefit for it only causes harm. Smoking can cause lung cancer, emphysema and other diseases that might lead to death. Also, let's not wait at the time where they're already addicted to smoking and already abusing themselves by inhaling the smoke coming from their tobacco. Prevention is better than cure. Let's also do our best to prevent others from smoking cigarette.

Are we prepared whenever there is an outbreak of virus and deadly diseases? Especially at this time that the world is facing a pandemic and millions of people worldwide are suffering from the effects of the virus named Covid-19, what could we do to put an end to this misery? Prevention. Healthy lifestyle.

With this advocacy, it stands that every individual needs to practice living a healthy lifestyle. It aims to promote knowledge about the advantages and benefits anyone could get from having a healthy lifestyle such as prevention of acquiring viruses like Covid-19 and other deadly diseases. It also has a goal of making everyone have a comfortable, safe and happy life through healthy lifestyle.

Being healthy is the new definition of wealthy and beauty. Practicing good habits and taking care of one's well-being is a necessity. With healthy living, a secured, balanced and happy life could be acquired. Healthy lifestyle is a thing that isn't hard to achieve, as simple steps like exercising, choosing nutritious foods and practicing good habits would lead someone into it. Sleeping early, rejecting gateway drugs and maintaining good hygiene are example of good habits that people should practice. Training and strengthening your mind and body to boost your immune system is a must as it prepare and help your body in fighting viruses like Covid-19 and other deadly diseases. A person with a good mental and physical health attracts and radiates positive vibes and good things. Our mind and body are powerful weapons we have but if not trained and well prepared would turn into our own destruction. 

With the pandemic, fast spread of Covid-19, we all should be reminded that having a healthy lifestyle gives an advantage to us in facing this invisible opponent. If we want to be in a state of ease and free of worry, we should start living healthy. Maintain good hygiene, sanitation, training your mind and taking care of your body as it will prevent you from acquiring viruses like Covid-19. With our own style of having our way to a healthy lifestyle, we would prevent spread of Covid-19, viruses and other deadly diseases.

The main parts of the respiratory system are the heart, blood vessels and blood.

The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide.

Coronary Circulation
- circulation of blood within the heart

Pulmonary Circulation
- circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs.

Systemic Circulation
- circulation of blood between the heart and the cells of the body.

As a member of Gen Z, a generation of people who are exposed and equipped with technology, I will take advantage and use technology as my platform to this advocacy. Most of us are exposed to technology especially the internet. I will use social media as a major platform to spread and promote this advocacy. With the use of internet and social media, reaching through people is a lost easier than face to face that is risky especially during this pandemic. Spreading this advocacy through infographics, video, text and audio speech would make it easier for me to catch people's attention and make them easier understand the context and stand of this advocacy "Having A Healthy Lifestyle, A Way of Preventing Spread of Covid-19 with Style".

23 × 4= 92 (heartbeat while staying still and not doing physical activities)

31 × 4= 124 (heartbeat after doing a physical activity)

While doing the physical activity (jumping jack), I felt so exhausted and tired that it seems like I'm almost out of breath. I think my heart beats faster per minute after exercising because during exercise, our body may need three or four times our normal cardiac output as our muscles need more oxygen to exert more effort for activity. During exercise, our heart typically beats faster so that more blood gets to our body. 

Through our second lesson in Science, I learned a lot about our circulatory system. I now know how the different parts of this system work (the heart, blood and blood vessels). Our heart pumps blood that transports gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones and heat while our blood vessels carry our blood. With this lesson, I also learned that the circulatory system varies on different kinds of animals (vertebrates and invertebrates). Vertebrates (we human beings belong here) are animals with backbone or spinal cord and they have a closed cardiovascular system (continous blood vessels). On the other hand, invertebrates are exactly the opposite of vertebrates (has open cardiovascular system). My knowledge about the human systems was also widened as I learned about the circulatory system last Monday. Our teacher explained the topic very clearly and she also prepared an activity where we students can interact with and I really like that because we get to answer questions related to the topic. I think I did a good job for this week's lesson because I understood almost everything our teacher taught us. I promise that I will continue doing good on our upcoming lessons and I will do my best to understand and master every lesson that we will discuss.

The Deoxyribonucleic Acid Model I chose to work on is the Gummy Model which is very fun and exciting to do. While doing this model, you will learn about the DNA, make a model of it and you can also eat the delicious sweet gummies later! (photo taken by: me)

I really enjoyed doing the DNA model (using gummies) last time so I decided to do another one that is different and easier from the last model I did. I did some research and it led me to DNA origami model. I thought that it would be easy because all I need is a paper and some ruler but I'm very wrong, it's actually harder than I thought. Doing this model took me a lot of time and effort. I practiced for many days until I can finally do it! At last, I finally got the result I'm aiming to achieve and I would love to share it with you 😖❤️

a. Choose a film which shows that traits are inherited from parents because of the genes passed on through the sex cells or gametes. Write a 250-word reaction paper. (examples: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (PG-13), Gattaca (PG-13), Awakenings (PG-13), Creation (PG-13)

(PG-13) - Parents Strongly Cautioned. Some Material May Be Inappropriate For Children Under 13. Parents will determine whether their children under age 13 should view the motion picture, as some material might not be suited for them.

b. Choose a documentary which is about the inheritance of traits. Write a 250-word reaction paper. (example: Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho: Ang pagsubok ng pamilya Labrador)

c. Create your own documentary about inheritance of traits. Write a 250-word script.

d. You may consult your teacher if you have a plan of your own.

Visayan warty pigs inhabit dense forests in the Visayan chain of islands in the Philippines. Where they once ranged over at least six islands, they are now restricted to Panay, Negros, and maybe Masbate as a result of habitat loss and hunting. 

KINGDOM: Animalia
PHYLUM: Chordata
SUBPHYLUM: Vertebrata
CLASS: Mammalia
ORDER: Artiodactyla
FAMILY: Suidae
GENUS: Sus
SPECIES: Sus cebifrons

The Visayan warty pig is a dark grey color, and the body is sparsely covered with bristly hairs (in females these bristles are usually dark, while males often have light brown or silvery bristles). There is a tuft of hair in between the ears; in adult males from the island of Panay, this tuft grows into a long mane which runs from the head to the tail and which may hang over the face, covering the eyes! Like all pigs, the face is long and ends with a round nasal disc. Although called a warty pig, facial warts of this species are small and only found in males. These pigs are best recognized by the white stripe which runs over the bridge of the nose behind the mouth.

Head and body length: 
About 100 cm
Shoulder height: 
30-45 cm (females), up to 63 cm (males)
Tail length: 23 cm
Adult weight: 
20-35 kg (females), 35-40 kg, up to 80 kg (males)

Gestation period: 118 days.
Litter size: 2-4, with 3 being the average.
Weaning: By six months.
Sexual maturity: As young as 12-14 months in captivity, although 2-3 years is more typical.
Life span: 10-15 years.

Piglets are usually born in January, February, and March (the dry season). Mother pigs usaully make a nest in which to give birth, and are very protective of their offspring. At birth, Visayan warty pigs are light brown in color, with four dark stripes running down the body from head to tail. These stripes fade as the infants grow, and adult coloration is reached at one year.

Little is known about the habits of this species in the wild. In captivity, these pigs will wallow in mud. Visayan warty pigs appear to play a major role in dispersing the seeds of some species of plants.Familygroup: Family groups of 3-12+ animals, usually with a single adult male,
several adult females, and their offspring.
Diet: Omnivorous; fruits, leaves, earthworms.

No estimate of population size is available for this species. According to the Chester Zoo resource, 200 
pigs only are thought to survive in the Philippines in their native habitat. Currently this species is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List and its numbers continue to decrease.

The Visayan warty pig has been listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature since it is now considered extinct in 95% of its natural habitat. Their number continues to dwindle due to loss of their natural habitat and hunting. Forests in Negros have been cleared for agricultural purposes thus destroying the natural habitat of the warty pug.  The Visayan warty pigs are omnivorous therefore their diet is a mix of fruits, roots, tubers and vegetables. Sometimes they forage on cultivated crops thus they are hunted by farmers as pests. Where there are humans, there are domestic animals. Contamination due to hybridization with free-range domestic pigs has also been reported, further reducing the number of the species in the wild.

Fortunately, there are already efforts to save the Visayan warty pig. There are currently breeding centers established in Panay and Negros in order to increase their number and to hopefully reintroduce them in their natural habitat. Zoos in UK, Europe and the United States have also established captive breeding programs to help the conservation efforts.In Negros Occidental, the Negros Forests and Ecological Foundation, Inc. has successfully bred the Visayan warty pig in captivity. Last December 2009, four piglets were born at the NFEFI Biodiversity Conservation Center. This might be a small step in increasing the number of the Visayan warty pigs but a big leap in saving the species from extinction. We can also do our part in saving them by not destroying their habitat or home and by avoiding conducting activities that may harm them. We should all learn and appreciate the beauty of their existance and do the right thing which is to love and take care of them in order to save them and stop their extinction.

Biodiversity is the amount of variety of life on Earth. It is the number of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms. It includes organisms from Earth’s vastly different ecosystems, including deserts, rainforests, coral reefs, grasslands, tundra, and polar ice caps.

Our biodiversity is very important to the well-being of our planet. Most cultures, at least at some time, have recognized the importance of conserving natural resources. Many still do, but many do not.

Plants and animals are being endangered because of many factors like loss of habitat, invasive species, overexploitation of resources, pathogens or diseases and environmental pollution.

One of the most significant causes of endangered animals is habitat loss. While habitat may be lost due to natural forces (climate shifts, geologic changes), much of the habitat lost today is due to human activity. The construction of dams, highways, canals, urbanization, and agriculture dramatically affect the inhabitants of native ecosystems. Even when portions of the ecosystem remain intact creating “islands,” the resulting habitat may be too small or too widely dispersed to support a species.

Invasive species are one of the key biotic reasons for animals being endangered. Many species arriving in a new ecosystem are ill-adapted and quickly die off. However, some species are able to exploit the ecosystem to the detriment of native organisms. Small ecosystems such as those on islands are significantly affected by the introduction of invasive species but even native continental and oceanic populations can be devastated through competition or predation by the invader.

The incessant exploitation of natural resources in the Philippines is crippling the country's rainforest and biodiversity as well as robbing indigenous people of their livelihoods.

The spread of domesticated animals has also spread the diseases associated with them to new areas of the world. In some cases, the diseases infected native populations which had little resistance to the invading pathogen. These diseases may reach epidemic levels in the native population, decimating their numbers.

Pollution in many forms has endangered many animals. Pesticides and other chemicals introduced to an ecosystem may significantly harm untargeted species. For example, DDT used to fight mosquitoes was eventually linked to declines in the reproductive rates of birds. Other forms of pollution such as thermal, light and noise pollution can each reduce survival rates of local animal populations.

— is the permanent removal of trees to make room for something besides forest. This can include clearing the land for agriculture or grazing, or using the timber for fuel, construction or manufacturing. 

— Multiple factors, either of human or natural origin, cause deforestation. Natural factors include natural forest fires or parasite-caused diseases which can result in deforestation. Nevertheless, human activities are among the main causes of global deforestation. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the expansion of agriculture caused nearly 80% of global deforestation, with the construction of infrastructures such as roads or dams, together with mining activities and urbanization, making up the remaining causes of deforestation.

—The loss of trees and other vegetation can cause climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a host of problems for indigenous people.

— Plant a tree.
— Use less paper.
—Recycle paper and cardboard.
—Use recycled products.
—Buy only sustainable wood products.

—is the long-term heating of Earth's climate system observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere.

—Humans are increasingly influencing the climate and the earth's temperature by burning fossil fuels, cutting down rainforests and farming livestock. This adds enormous amounts of greenhouse gases to those naturally occurring in the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect and global warming.

—Global warming doesn't just mean warming, which is why "climate change" has become the favored term among researchers and policymakers. While the globe is becoming hotter on average, this temperature increase can have paradoxical effects, such as more frequent and severe snowstorms. Climate change can and will affect the globe in several big ways: by melting ice, by drying out already-arid areas, by causing weather extremes and by disrupting the delicate balance of the oceans.

—Power your home with renewable energy
—Invest in energy-efficient appliances
—Reduce water waste
—Actually eat the food you buy—and make less of it meat
—Buy better bulbs

Possible Genotypes 
XCXC – Normal female
XCXc – Female carrier
XcXc –Color blind female
XCY – Normal male
XcY – Color blind male

Father: XCY (normal vision)
Mother: XCXc (carrier of color blindness disease)

Genotypes of the offsprings:
XCXC
XCXc
XCY
XcY

Phenotypes of the offsprings:
normal daughter/female
carrier daughter/female
normal son/male
color blind son/male

Chance of having color blind children:
1:4 or 25%
Chance of having color blind son?
1:2 or 50%
Chance of having a color blind daughter:
0:2 or 0%

—If the population species of a given area is doubled, there will be an imbalance in the nature. This will cause the resources of the community to decrease. The species living there will experience shortage on the supplies and amount of resources that will result to competition for resources and superiority in order to survive over time. 

—The greater the population density, the greater the effect of limiting factors too. It means that if the population of the species is high, there will be more effect of the limiting factors in order to balance the ecosystem and keep the population from growing. For the example given including the plant seedlings, if the population of this species in an area is very high, they will experience a greater effect of the limiting factors. Many seedlings will not survive and die because of lack or water, sunlight or even nutrients from the soil that a seedling needs in order to live and grow this will cause the population to drop or decrease.

—The soybeans might be killed by the fungus because the fungus will compete with the soybeans in getting nutrients it need in order to grow and live like water and soil nutrients. However, the fungus might actually die too because they're depending on the soybeans too.

—When the trees were cut down the forest ecosystem will surely be affected because the species (animals and plants) living there will lost their habitat which is a very bad thing because this will result for their number or population to decrease.

—The main cause of extinction in plants and animals is the destruction of their habitat. Many human activities contribute in destroying the ecosystem and the habitat of many species and one example of that is cutting of trees.  Humans cut down trees for they need it in order to make furnitures, houses or even the most common one which is the paper. Cutting trees destroys the habitat of many species causing them to be extinct.

a. 60 ants in a 4 sq. m. plot of grass
Formula: Density= Number of Individual/ Size of an Area
( Number of individual: 60, size of the area: 4 sq. m. )
Solution: 60/4 = 15
Answer: There will be 15 ants per sq. m. (density)
b. 100 ants in an 8 sq. m. plot of grass
Formula: Density= Number of Individual/ Size of an Area
( Number of individual: 100, size of the area: 8 sq. m. )
Solution: 100/8= 12.5
Answer: There will be 12.5 ants per sq. m. (density)

Formula: Density= Number of Individual/ Size of an Area
( Number of individual: 40, size of the area: 1 ½  or 1.5 sq. km.)

Solution: 40/1.5= 26.66 or 27

Answer: There will be about 27 (or 26.66) carabaos per sq. m. 

Answer: 20 monkeys would have to live in a ¾ sq. km. area to have the same density as the carabaos (26.66 or 27)

a. climate change
b. human hunting
c.reduction of habitat
d.migration of humans across the Bering Strait to North America during the last ice age 20,000 years ago.
e. harmful mutation

•Land use changes
-Habitat destruction 
-Conversion of natural habitat to human se that isn't necessarily compatible with the organisms that are native there
-Crop monoculture
-Burning the agriculture
-Destroying rainforest
-Removing tops of mountains to get resources
-Ocean use changes
-Coastal wetland loss
-Mangrove destruction
-Urbanization

•Pollution -Degradation of local habitats are also caused by poor behavior and act of human
-Leaching of harmful chemicals from mines to water 
-Waterborne pollutants
-Humans use nitrogen fertilizers that can wash into rivers and cause deadzones in the ocean.
-Incorrect Waste Disposal
-Untreated Sewage
-Dumping of chemicals (man made and harmful) or drugs that can be flashed into water ways causes 'Hormone Mimics'
-Noise Pollution
-Sonar Pollution
-Light Pollution 'artificial light'

•Resource Exploitation
-Hunting
-Cutting down forest for firewood and lumber
-Over fishing
-Mining
-Over harvesting

•Introduction of Exotic Species

As time goes by, human population rapidly grows. Global human population growth amounts to around 83 million annually or 1.1% per year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.8 billion in 2020. It is expected to keep growing and estimates have put the total population of 8.6 billion by mid-2030, 9.8 billion by mid-2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100. According to research, this rapid growth increase was mainly caused by the decreasing death rate (more rapidly than birth rate) and particularly an increase in average human age. Thus, this population cannot grow indefinitely for Earth has a carrying capacity. We all know that everything has its own limitations. Although nowadays we humans are equipped with technologies that can help us innovate and improve our way of living and environment, it will never be enough. Humans have an impact to the environment but let us not forget that environment also reciprocates that impact to us. Humans need the environment and vice versa. Rapid population growth of humans can cause lot of bad effects to the environment and other species. An example is the fact that many species lost their habitats and some became extinct because of human activities like hunting, over harvesting, illegal fishing methods, disposing garbages and chemicals anywhere that destroyed their homes and wiped out their clans. As human population grows, the environment becomes severely damaged and overused and that is why some scientists predicted that there will be a time where humans will fight for food and experience shortness and lack of resources they needed for survival. They're also thinking at a point of view where we exceed the maximum capacity of Earth that will bring a big doom for us. The destruction of the environment caused by the poor behavior of humans and bad activities they do as their population grows also affect the quality of life and that is why we need to help each other because as they say no man is an island, we all live together in one world that we're responsible of. Let's do our best to make our environment heal, let's give it a time to rest, grow and heal. We can only do this if we make an urgent action for it not to be too late for us and one thing to always remember and we should start practicing is to do more in less. We should learn to balance everything and stop using so much because if we start correcting our wrong ways, it will surely put us on track to a more manageable carrying capacity for humans on earth and will give an opportunity for decent quality of life to every species living in this planet.

Recordist: Frank Lambert
Date: D2009-12-09
Time: unknown Country
Country: Philippines
Location: Mindanao; Zamboanga, Pasonanca
Pasonanca WatershedCabonegro Reserve, Cabonegro
Elev. (m): 650
Type: calls, wing noise

One of the first atomic theorists was Democritus, a Greek philosopher who lived in the fifth century BC. Democritus knew that if a stone was divided in half, the two halves would have essentially the same properties as the whole.Therefore, he reasoned that if the stone were to be continually cut into smaller and smaller pieces then; at some point, there would be a piece which would be so small as to be indivisible. He called these small pieces of matter "atomos," the Greek word for indivisible. Democritus, theorized that atoms were specific to the material which they composed. In addition, Democritus believed that the atoms differed in size and shape, were in constant motion in a void, collided with each other; and during these collisions, could rebound or stick together. Therefore, changes in matter were a result of dissociations or combinations of the atoms as they moved throughout the void. Although Democritus' theory was remarkable, it was rejected by Aristotle, one of the most influential philosophers of Ancient Greece; and the atomic theory was ignored for nearly 2,000 years.

Matter is made of small indivisible atoms.
Atoms can’t be subdivided, created or destroyed.
2.1 Atoms of the same element have the same property.
2.2 Atoms of different elements have different properties.
3. Atoms of different elements can form compounds.

An atom is electrically neutral. It has no charge.
In an atom, both positive charges and negative charges are equal.
An atom is made out of a sphere of positive charges with negatively charged electron embedded in it.

Atoms are mostly empty space.
Most of the mass is concentrated in the center of atom. This tiny, dense, positively charged core called a nucleus.
Electrons are located outside the nucleus.

Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have specific size and energy.
The energy of the orbit is related to its size. The lowest energy is found in the smallest orbit.
Electrons reside in orbits. They move between each shell when gaining or losing energy.
When gaining energy, electrons move to farther orbit from the nucleus. When losing energy, electrons move to closer orbit from the nucleus.

Electrons don’t move around the nucleus in orbits.
Electrons exist in specific energy levels as a cloud.
The electron cloud is the region of negative charges, which surrounds the nucleus.
Orbital : The region with a high probability of containing electrons

Q 7. What are the types of bonds present in the following: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes? —The type of bond present in alkanes group is only a single bond between carbon atoms while alkenes have atleast one double bond between carbon atoms in the compound and alkynes have atleast one triple bond between the carbon atoms in the compound.

Q 8. Using Tables 1 to 3, what pattern do you observe in terms of the phase, number of carbon atoms, structure, and boiling point of the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes? Explain the patterns you observed.
—In table one for alkanes I observed that Methane, Ethane, Propane and Butane are in gas state while Pentane, Hexane, Heptane and Octane are in liquid state mainly because of their structure. If they're smaller they interact with each other less (gas) and if their molecules are bigger or larger, they can more closely interact with each other (liquid). For tables two and three, I noticed the same thing because in alkenes: Ethene, Propene and 1-Butene are in gas state while 1-Pentene and 1-Hexene are in liquid state and for alkynes I noticed that: Ethyne, Propyne and 2-Butyne are in gas state while Pentyne is in liquid state. The trend in the structures of the compounds in alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes is the same. I noticed that the size of the structures of the compounds is increasing because the compounds become bigger or longer.

Q 9. What do you think will be the boiling point of the next alkane, alkene, and alkyne? Will the boiling point of each hydrocarbon be higher or lower? Explain your answer.
—I think the next boiling point for each hydrocarbon (alkane, alkene and alkyne) will be higher because because the boiling point of it is in an increasing pattern. This is because of their structures, as the structures of the compounds become larger, they interact more with each other that's why they need a higher temperature to evaporate thus resulting to a higher boiling point.
     
Q 10. Why do you think some hydrocarbons are gases and others are liquids?
—The reason why there are hydrocarbons that are gases and liquids is because of the structure or the size of the molecules of the compounds. When the molecules are small, they tend to interact less among each other. Smaller molecules are usually gases. And when molecules have bigger structures, they interact more with each other. Thus, bigger molecules then tend to settle in liquid state.
     
Q 11. Why do you think there are many hydrocarbon compounds?
—Carbon atom is the reason for so many hydrocarbon compounds. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, this atomic structure of the carbon makes it possible to form many types of bonds with other elements and with other carbon atoms.
     
Q 12. What hydrocarbon compounds are gases and liquids? What are the uses of gaseous hydrocarbon compounds and liquid hydrocarbon compounds?
—Examples of gaseous hydrocarbon compounds are methane, butane, propene and ethyne. Uses of gaseous hydrocarbon compounds and liquid hydrocarbon compounds: 

—Methane is the lightest and most common hydrocarbon gas, consisting of one carbon molecule. It is used in domestic and commercial heating and as a cooking fuel worldwide. Its main industrial applications are in electric power generation, and for the production of methanol. Methane is transported by pipeline in gaseous form or by tanker in a compressed liquefied form known as liquefied natural gas (LNG).

—A two-carbon molecule, ethane is the second-largest component of hydrocarbon gas after methane. After separation from methane in a refrigeration process, ethane becomes the principal feedstock in the manufacture of commodity petrochemicals. A process of steam cracking converts ethane into ethylene.

—A byproduct of hydrocarbon gas processing, propane consists of a three-carbon molecule. Propane liquefies at moderate pressures compared to methane and ethane. Stored in canisters, it is easily transported and used as a domestic cooking fuel in areas where a natural gas pipeline infrastructure does not exist. Its other main use is as a transportation fuel commonly known as liquefied petroleum gas or LPG.

—Butane consists of a four-carbon molecule. Mixed with propane in canisters, its main use is as a cooking gas on campsites. Butane is the fuel in cigarette lighters and a propellant in aerosols and deodorants.

—This five-carbon molecule gas is volatile at room temperature. Its main industrial use is as an organic solvent in chemical laboratories and as a foaming agent in the production of polystyrene.

—The main applications for hexane, a six-carbon molecule, is in the production of gasoline, glue and as an agent in food processing. Hexane has a mild anesthetic effect but damages the human nervous system.

Q 21. What are the common products that contain alcohol?
—Some alcohols are used as antiseptic or
disinfectant, some are used as cleaning agents, others are used as components ofbliquors and a few alcohols are used as
fuel for portable stoves or other types of
burners.

Q 22. Why are these alcohols important?
—Alcohols are among the most common organic compounds. They are used as sweeteners, in making perfumes, are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other compound and are among the most abundantly produced organic chemicals in industry.

Q 23. What types of bonds are present in ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, and in isopropyl alcohol?
—The type of bond present in ethyl, methyl and isopropyl alcohol is only a single bond.

Q 24. What accounts for the similar physical properties of alcohols?
—Because alcohol are group of organic compounds that is chemically bonded to carbon atom in the compound and that is the reason why they have similar properties.

1. Which refers to a hot molten rock which comes out from the volcano?
ANSWER: B. Lava

2. Which of the following parts is the passage through which magma travels up?ANSWER: A. Conduit

3. These are small parts of lava or rocks which are shot in the air during eruption.
ANSWER: B. Ash

4. Which statement about lava flow is accurate?
ANSWER: B. They destroy everything in its path.

5. Which of the following types of volcano will form in an explosive tephra eruption and lava hardens into a material called tephra?
ANSWER: B. Cinder cone 

1. Ash Cloud
2. Crater 
3. Lava
4. Sill
5. Vent
6. Ash
7. Throat
8. Conduit
9. Magma

Composite Mayon Lava Krakatoa 
Active Shield Magma Chamber Conduit Cinder Cone Potentially active 
Ring of Fire Magma Inactive

1. COMPOSITE - a volcano formed from explosive eruptions of very viscous magma and pyroclastic material 
2. LAVA - molten rocks that reached the earth’s surface
3. MAGMA CHAMBER - a reservoir or storage of magma beneath earth’s surface
4. ACTIVE - volcanoes with a record of eruption within the last 600 years or those that erupted 10,000 years ago based on the analyses of their materials
5. INACTIVE - volcanoes undergoing weathering and erosion due to lack of activity
6. RING OF FIRE - where most of the volcanic eruptions occur
7. SHIELD - wide-based volcanoes with shallow slopes formed during an effusive eruption
8. KRAKATOA - This volcano in Indonesia killed more than 36,000 people
9. POTENTIALLY ACTIVE - volcanoes that have no record of eruption for the past 10,000 years and are not eroded nor weathered
10. MAYON - This volcano is an active, famous, composite volcano in Albay.
11. CONDUIT - It is a passage in the volcano in where magma flows up. 
12. MAGMA - a molten rock that is found beneath the earth’s surface

1. What are the different parts of a volcano?
—A volcano is an opening or a vent in the earth’s crust through which lava, volcanic ash, igneous rocks, and gases escape. The parts of the volcano that I learned in this module are:

Sill – a flat piece of rock which forms from hardened magma in a crack in a volcano

Dike – a vertical rock formation from hardened magma but due to the 
earth’s movement and shifting, it ends up diagonally

Crater – mouth of a volcano that surrounds the vent

Lava – hot magma which erupts from a volcano

Vent – the opening where lava comes out 

Ash cloud – a cloud of ash formed by volcanic explosions

Magma – hot molten rocks under the surface of the earth 

Summit – the highest point of the volcano 

Ash – a mixture of rock, mineral or glass particles less than 2 millimeters in size which are shot in the air by explosion

Throat – uppermost section of the vent where lava and volcanic ash are ejected

Conduit – the passage or pipe in the volcano through which magma travels up


2. How can you differentiate magma from lava? 
—I can differentiate magma from lava with this: I know that magma are hot molten rocks under the surface of the earth it means that it's still under the earth's surface while lava are the hot magma which erupts from a volcano meaning it already made it to the surface and alteady escaped the volcano.

3. How do volcanic eruptions affect the structures or landforms? 
—Volcanic eruptions can profoundly change the landscape, initially through both destructive (flank failure and caldera formation) and constructive (lava flows, domes, and pyroclastic deposits) processes, which destroy vegetation and change the physical nature of the surface (e.g., porosity, permeability, and chemistry). Damage to buildings and building support systems or other structures from volcanic ash can range from minor cosmetic damage to building exteriors through to catastrophic structural damage in extreme cases. 

1. Which among the following best describes the Mayon Volcano in Albay?
ANSWER: a. Composite

2. What shape of volcanic cone is formed due to the collapse or destruction of the volcanic crater?
ANSWER: c. Caldera

3. Which among the following volcanoes is formed by alternate solidification of lava and cinders?
ANSWER: a. Composite

4. Which of the following is an example of a cinder volcano?
ANSWER: c. Taal

5. Small parts of lava, glass, minerals or rocks which are shot in the air.
ANSWER: c. ash

6. Which of the following types of volcano forms when lava explodes into the air and cools or hardens quickly into a material called tephra?
ANSWER: c. Cinder cone

7. Which of the following provides a passage to the magma as it travels up?
ANSWER: a. conduit

8. Which of the following affects the shape of the volcanic cone formed during an eruption?
ANSWER: d. All of the options are correct.

9. What do you call the large volume of ash released by the volcano?
ANSWER: d. ash cloud

10. Which of the following characteristics of a volcano depends on its magma emission? 
ANSWER: c. shape

1Pretest 
2 Looking Back 
3 Activities1-4
4 Checking
5Posttest

Magma inside the volcano is heated and goes up. Gas bubbles are developed. Pressure exceeds resulting to formation of more gas bubbles. Gas bubbles are trapped and expanded causing the molten material to swell. Lava, rocks, lava bombs, ash and dust ejected from volcano.

ANSWER: DCBAE

1. lava
2. magma
3. lava bombs
4. dust
5. ash
6. rocks

🌋Volcanoes are dangerous. They can kill people and damage property.

🌋Economic activity can suffer as it is hard for businesses to operate after an eruption.

🌋Habitats and landscapes are damaged by lava flows.

🌋Volcanic eruptions can lead to air and water pollution.