Foundation of Special Education by Vaughan, Christina - WEST PELZER ELE Teacher https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn Chapters 4-6 en-us 2020-07-19 14:49:11 UTC 2025-10-20 10:25:25 UTC hello@padlet.com vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657767960 1. What are the three key components in the IDEA definition of intellectual disabilities?

One- "significantly sub average intellectual functioning."
Two- Individual must have a significant difficulty with everyday living tasks.
Three- The deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior must occur during the developmental period to help distinguish intellectual disability from other disabilities. 

(Heward, Alber, and Konrad, 2017, p.109-110)]]> 2020-07-19 14:50:51 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657767960 2. What are the generalized characteristics of children and you with intellectual disabilities? vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657770626 -slow learning rates
-poor memory
-attention problems
-difficulty maintaining learned material
-generalizing learned material
-poor motivation

(Heward, Alber, and Konrad, 2017, p.114)]]> 2020-07-19 15:01:22 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657770626 3. How can one distinguish across the mild, moderate, severe, and profound levels of intellectual disabilities? vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657772432
Mild intellectual disabilities- not identified until they enter school, when more difficult academic work is required. 
Moderate intellectual disabilities- significant delays are shown in the development during preschool years. 
Severe and profound intellectual disabilities- Almost always identified at birth or shortly afterwards. These infants will have significant central nervous system damage and have additional disabilities or health conditions. 

(Heward, Alber, and Konrad, 2017, p.114)

]]> 2020-07-19 15:08:39 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657772432 4. What are some of the most prevalent prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal causes of intellectual disabilities? vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657778172 (Heward, Alber, and Konrad, 2017, p.122)

]]> 2020-07-19 15:28:50 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657778172 5. What are some of the most effective current instructional methods utilized with students that have intellectual disabiities? vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657781996
- Assess each students present levels of performance to identify and prioritize the most important instructional targets. 
-Define and task analyze the new knowledge or skills to be learned. 
- Design instructional materials and activities so the student has frequent opportunities to respond in the form of guided and independent practice. 
-Provide and then fade prompts and cues so the student can respond to naturally occurring stimuli. 
- Provide systematic consequences for student performance in the form of contingent reinforcement, instructional feedback and error correct. 
-Incorporate fluency-building activities into lessons.
-Use strategies to promote the generalization and maintenance of newly learned skills.
-Conduct direct and frequent measurements of student performance and use those data to inform instructional decisions. 
(Heward, Alber, and Konrad, 2017, p.129)]]> 2020-07-19 15:42:28 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657781996 6. What are the three key components in operationalizing the IDEA definition of learning disabilities? vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657797706  -1-Ability-Achievement Discrepancy: a discrepancy between the student's intellectual ability and academic achievement.
-2- Exclusion- student's difficulties are not the result of another known condition that can cause learning problems.
-3- Need for Special Education services
(Heward, Alber, and Konrad, 2017, p.144)]]> 2020-07-19 16:25:27 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657797706 7. What are the characteristics (in general) of children and youth with learning disabilities? vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657799322
-Reading problems
-Written language deficits 
-Math underachievement 
-Poor social skills
-Attention deficits
-Hyperactivity
-Behavior problems
-Low self-esteem 
-Low self-efficacy
(Heward, Alber, and Konrad, 2017, p.146)]]> 2020-07-19 16:32:16 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657799322 8. What are the suspected causes of Learning Disabitilies? vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657813895 The cause is typically unknown.
However, there are three classes of suspected causes that include brain damage or dysfunction, heredity, and environmental factors. 
(Heward, Alber, and Konrad, 2017, p.153)]]> 2020-07-19 17:24:01 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657813895 9. What are the educational placement alternatives for students with learning disabilities? vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657814908 -General Education Classroom with consult support or inclusion teacher.
-Resource Room- part time placement where the special education teacher provides intensive, individualized instruction on academic skills, social skills and learning strategies. 
-Separate Classroom- full time placement where the special education teacher is responsible for all educational programming. 
(Heward, Alber, and Konrad, 2017, p.173-174)]]> 2020-07-19 17:27:05 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657814908 10. What are the key components in defining emotional disturbance or behavior disorders? vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657817161 -A condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects educational performance. 
  • An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory and health factors.
  • An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers.
  • Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances.
  • A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression.
  • A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. 
  • Emotional disturbance includes schizophrenia. 
(Heward, Alber, and Konrad, 2017, p.181-182)
]]> 2020-07-19 17:34:26 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657817161 11. What are the causal factors associated with this disability? vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657822684 -Biological Factors: Brain disorders, genetics, and temperament. 
-Environmental Factors: Home,  school, and community. 
(Heward, Alber, and Konrad, 2017, p.193-194)]]> 2020-07-19 17:57:11 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657822684 12. What are the characteristics (externalized and internalized behaviors) associated with this disability? vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657824869 Externalized Behaviors- 
  • Get out of their seats
  • Yell, talk out and curse
  • Disturb peers
  • Hit or fight
  • Ignore the teacher
  • Complain 
  • Argue excessively 
  • Steal
  • Lie
  • Destroy property
  • Have temper tantrums
  • Are non compliant

Internalizing Behaviors: Anxiety, Mood, and other Disorders  
  • Generalized anxiety disorder
  • Phobias
  • Obsessive/compulsive disorder (OCD)
  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Bulimia nervosa
  • Posttraumatic stress disorder 
  • Selective mutism
  • Depression
  • Bipolar disorder
  • Schizophrenia
  • Tourette syndrome
(Heward, Alber, and Konrad, 2017, p.183-186)
]]> 2020-07-19 18:06:08 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657824869 13. What are the educational placement alternatives for students with emotional disturbance or behavior disorders? vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657827252 -General education classroom
-Resource classroom
-Separate classrooms 
-Special schools
-Correctional facilities
-Residential schools 
-Home or hospital placements 
(Heward, Alber, and Konrad, 2017, p.212)]]> 2020-07-19 18:15:50 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657827252 Heward, W. L., Alber-Morgan, S.R., & Konrad, M. (2017). Exceptional children: An introduction to special education. 11th Edition. Pearson. ISBN: 978-0135160428 vaughanc1 https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657828599 2020-07-19 18:20:40 UTC https://padlet.com/vaughanc1/78bnps7yxe92hqmn/wish/657828599