4. How can we relate the concepts of liberty and equality to human rights? How are these concepts related or, perhaps, interdependent?

5. What do these concepts look like in real life? How would we know if individuals and societies possess liberty or are in a state of equality?

 

2:I think people can tell you what is best for you but it all depends on you mindset and your situation.Like if my Mom and Dad wants me to play basketball because they think i will be successful from it.And then a random person says u should play basketball i won't take them serious because they don't know well enough to tell me i should do something.

3:Jesus’ concept of power is very different because he is the chosen one and he made all of us in his own image.But,Humans only have power if they are a part of the government or if they are famous from a sport or social media.

2. The universal human rights are the rights that all humans have regardless of race, sex, language, religion, social origin, property, birth, or other status. The fundamental right is that all humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

3. The concepts of human rights, liberty, and equality can be related to the concept of power, due to all three being influenced by power. The Declaration of Human Rights was decided by those in power; liberty can be taken by those in power, and the state of equality can become unbalanced by those in power.

4. Hunan rights and the concepts of liberty and equality are interdependent due to liberty and equality playing a major role in human rights.

5. Individuals possess liberty when they are free from oppression and subjection. Individuals possess equality when there is equal opportunity and resources available to everyone, regardless of race, sex, language, religion, social origin, property, birth, or other status. In everyday life, we can observe the use of power, whether it is misused or not, and watch how the concepts of liberty, equality, and human rights play a role in how humanity functions.

A positive right is something that helps someone EX: The right to bear arms

2. A universal right is a right that everyone has regardless of age, gender, or ethnicity

3. These concepts can be related to power because someone in power has to protect these rights from someone else who wants to control others.

4. LIberty and equality are both basic human rights that everyone should have. These concepts are related because everyone deserves them

5. Liberty and Equality are both shown everyday in American society where we are all liberated and are treated equally We could know by seeing how close other countries are to America.

2. I believe that a person or group of people can definitely know what is best for other people because they can evaluate and understand other people from the outside and gain a better perspective on what is best for them and what they need. Sometimes in my life, other people tell me things that they believe are best for me and what I need, even when I had never even thought of it before. This is very helpful because they are able to identify things that I may have never even thought of to benefit me, and when I listen to them, my life is greatly impacted by it for the better. This example is only on a very small scale, but I believe that the same can apply for much larger people groups, and it can be very beneficial at times to have a person or group of people, other than yourself, know what is best for you and what you need. Therefore, a person or group of people can definitely know what is best for other people.

3. Jesus’ concept of power is much different than the concepts of power discussed in our readings, videos, and podcasts because the power discussed in those things is worldly and earthly forms of power, while Jesus’ concept of power is much more spiritual and focused on life after death in Heaven. In all of our readings and videos, all of the power was for things on this earth and ruling over the people on their time on earth, but Jesus taught others that they should not live for this earth, but live for their lives in Heaven with their Father. Jesus is King, but He is not the king of this earth, but the King of Heaven, which is so much better and eternal.

3. Jesus's concept of power is different from the ones previously discussed because His power isn't the same as our worldly view of power. Jesus views everyone equally, and that you aren't more “powerful” or “greater” than others. His power is more spiritual, and focused more on eternity in Heaven rather than being a ruler on earth, or caring for materialistic items. 

4. We can relate the concepts of liberty and equality to human rights because they are both concepts that give humans the power to be their own person and live their lives the way they want to live. Equality and liberty are both basic human rights that should be granted to everyone and are related to each other because they both give humans the power to be their own people.

5. Liberty and equality in real life are very important because they both give people the power to be their own people and live their lives the way that they want to live and be who they want to be. Some examples of this are equality for people of all races, ethnicities, and cultures. This has not always been the case, especially in the United States, but after the Civil Rights Movement, things changed and led to more equality in society. An example of liberty is when someone is able to have their own perspectives and beliefs without being judged or punished. We know when individuals and societies possess liberty or are in a state of equality when everyone is being treated equally and with respect, being able to make their own choices and have their own views without any penalty.

2. A person and a group of people can both say what is best for another person but the majority of the time they are wrong because every person's life is different from each other. God is the one and only one who can know what is truly best for someone, that is why he has a set-aside path for everyone's life.

3. Jesus Christ has all the power in the world. He doesn’t use his power to force people to follow him or do things he wants, he uses his power to free us from our mistakes and allow us to live the life that was set for us. He has all the power in the world but uses it for us, not over us.

4. We can relate to the concepts of liberty and equality because they are basic human rights that everyone needs, and deserves. Liberty is giving people freedom and rights, and equality gives everyone the same treatment and rights. These concepts are both human rights that every person deserves and should have. 

5. In real life, liberty and equality would be seen in freedom of speech and equal access to opportunities regardless of their religion, ethnicity, or gender. We know when individuals and societies possess liberty or are in a state of equality when everyone is treated equally and with respect. If someone is punished for an act, but others aren't for doing the same act, it shows that equality is not present. 

2. Universal Human Rights are the undeniable, set in stone, right given to all individuals no matter their gender, ethnicity, religion, race, age, income, etc. These rights included: all humans are born free and equal in rights, everyone has the rights to life; liberty; and property, and all are free of slavery.

3. The concepts of human rights, liberty, and equality all relate to the concept of power because they all provide power to the people. With human rights, it gives people and societies the power to keep everyone safe and protected. These rights all give people the power to live equally together and be themselves in this world.

4. We can relate liberty and equality to the concept of human rights because they are the two biggest human rights that make up a community or society. Liberty allows people to be free and live their life and equality allows everyone to be held to the same standards. These both are human rights that have been granted to every individual when they are born.

5. In reality, liberty and equality are very important because they allow everyone to be themselves and live their life freely, giving all the right to choose their religion and choose who they are. Some examples of liberty and equality are the opportunities all individuals have, like jobs, no matter their race, ethnicity, religion, or gender.

-Negative human rights are freedoms and liberties that usually limit state power and reinforce individual power. Positive human rights are rights that humans should be given by the state. 

2. What are the universal human rights?

-Positive rights and negative rights. 

3. How can the concepts of human rights, liberty, and equality, be related to the concept of power?

-Liberty and equality are important for us to understand what human rights are. For example, in the concept of having power or control can be based off of someones freedom, equality, and liberties. 

4. How can we relate the concepts of liberty and equality to human rights? How are these concepts related or, perhaps, interdependent?

-All 3 have the focal point of relating to global politics in common. They are all interdependent because each is its own topic although similar they all are dependent on power. 

5. What do these concepts look like in real life? How would we know if individuals and societies possess liberty or are in a state of equality?

-A person with the state of liberty is capable of making a change whereas a person with equality already has the same rights and liberties as others and does not have to change. 

2.    The universal human rights are rights given to all people. That all human beings born have rights no matter what gender, race, religion, wealth, etc. That all humans are born free and equal with the right to life and liberty. Rights like freedom of religion or freedom of education. Ni rights are more important. They are universal.

3.     The concepts of human rights, liberty and equality can be related to power because they all give power to people. When people have power and they use it to protect human rights it makes them feel secure and that they know that the basic human rights that they have are not being violated by other people. The human rights we have give us power to live equally with others. Human rights give us power in a world which wants you to be powerless and not have any power at all.

4.    The concepts of liberty and equality are important concepts that partly make up human rights. Interdependence is two or more things that depend on each other. Liberty and equality are interdependent with each other because they both depend on each other when  it comes to the making of human rights. They are interdependent. Humans have the right because of our basic human rights to fight for liberty and equality.

5. These concepts look like many things in the real world. An example of equality and liberty are freedom of religion. Another example is being treated the same no matter what. Even if you are different when it comes to your religious beliefs, your race, gender, age, or even what you identify as. Equality should make humans have equal rights. Our world is unequal and far from perfect. We have so much sin and that is what makes the world unequal. We should be able to believe what we want and still be considered equal. Even when it comes to politics. Equality means that we all have the same basic rights while liberty means we all should be free and that is what we strive for. We would know if individuals and societies possess liberty or are in a state of equality by what we notice. The rights that are given to people just because they are people on earth.

3.  3. Jesus’ way of power is very different from the world's ways of power because his love for everyone is much stronger and very spiritual. He knows more than any human ever could and looks at every human equally regardless of if they’re poor or rich.

1 What are the differences between positive and negative rights?  Positive is providing the right holder with a voice against the other person for some good treatment. Negative is restraint by limiting rights to the holder.

2 What are universal human rights? Rights that go to all humans regardless of anything 

3 How can we relate the concepts of liberty and equality to human rights liberty and equality be related to the concept of power? 

4 How can we relate the concepts of liberty and equality to human rights? How are these concepts related or perhaps interdependent? They are both rights Liberty is compared to freedom but equality is more compared to justice and freedom as well that how its compared.

5 What do these concepts look like in reel life? How would we know if individuals and societies possess liberty or are in a state of equality? Liberty is when a people group is oppressed and then they become free from them they have liberty now. Equality is obvious and everyone should be equal. 

 

2. What are the universal human rights?-The universal human rights are a list of 30 rights officially stated by the United Nations which proclaim that any human, by virtue of being a human being, is entitled to these rights. Among these are the right to own property, to work, and to receive education.

3. How can the concepts of human rights, liberty and equality, be related to the concept of power?-Because power is the ability to change, and human rights, liberty, and equality are all things that can be changed according to who is in power. These concepts can also represent forms of power in their own right.

4. How can we relate the concepts of liberty and equality to human rights? How are these concepts related or, perhaps, interdependent?-Liberty and equality can be seen as human rights themselves, so you can not have equality or liberty without human rights, and you can’t have human rights without liberty and equality.

5. What do these concepts look like in real life? How would we know if individuals and societies possess liberty or are in a state of equality?-In real life, a society that would express liberty and equality would be one where the individuals are all seen as having intrinsic value, as well as having possibilities to be free and autonomous.

2. Economic development is increasing the value and productivity of goods and services in an economy, showing growth in the economy's total value through things like increased production or higher-value goods and services. Economic indicators like Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment rates, and stock market indexes are used to track economic development. In contrast, human development focuses on fulfilling basic needs, providing freedom, and happiness and well-being for individuals. It includes the development of human nature and the overall quality of life. Sustainable development, on the other hand, goes beyond the economic and human aspects. It involves addressing issues like poverty, global warming, and racial injustice while preserving the environment for future generations. Sustainable development emphasizes the need for action to ensure prosperity and a high quality of life for the entire population and the planet.
3. The concepts of absolute poverty and relative poverty are different ways of measuring and understanding poverty. In absolute poverty, poverty is defined as a universal and fixed standard. A good example is the international poverty line (IPL), which says anyone making less than $1.90 a day is poor. It's based on the idea that people below this threshold can't afford basic necessities. However, this has limitations because it doesn't consider that living costs are different in different places. In contrast, relative poverty is more complex as it defines poverty in relation to the income or wealth of others within a specific society. Here, someone might have enough income to meet their basic needs but still be considered poor to their wealthier peers in the same society. Relative poverty accounts for differences in average incomes globally and acknowledges that someone may be in poverty in a high-income country even if they earn more than someone in a lower-income country. It shows the importance of social and economic inequality in a specific context.
4. Economic development and human development can help each other out. When the economy grows and people earn more money, it makes life better for them. They can then use their money for things like education and healthcare, which makes their lives even better. Also, when more people are educated and healthy, they can do better at their jobs, which helps the economy grow more. This makes a cycle where both the economy and people's lives get better.
5. Success in helping those who are "poor" means making their lives better and giving them a chance to escape poverty. It's about giving them things like food, clean water, and a place to live to help right away, while also helping them learn new skills and get an education for the long term. Success is also treating them with respect, letting them be a part of decisions, and finding solutions that keep working even after we are gone. It's all about giving people the power to break free from poverty, so they can have a better life now and for the future.

2. Economic development refers to the quantity, quality, and productivity of the money in our economy. People's opportunities and freedom are growing as a result of human development. Additionally enhancing their health. Growth that satisfies current needs without compromising those of future generations is known as sustainable development.

3. The idea that there is a fundamental or universal concept of poverty is known as absolute poverty. The idea that poverty is comparable to other people's wealth or income is known as relative poverty. Absolute poverty emphasizes a person's whole wealth, but relative poverty emphasizes the wealth of another person, not the person themselves.

4. I think that economic and human development improve one another because human development changes the economic development. For example when a human decides to cut down on oil prices then the economy changes in the sense that they now make less money than they formerly were.

5. I define success to serve those who are poor as a Godly success because God seeks that us as his creation loves all as he loves us.  

2. He describes positive peace as having two basic components. The first is equity, which is cooperation for mutual and equal benefit. The second is harmony, feeling the suffering and joy of others inside yourself.

3. I agree with this quote however I believe that when God comes down to earth again he will create full peace and we will no longer have to pursue peace. 

4. Positive peace includes harmony, fairness, and equality in addition to the absence of violence. Realists and liberals both see war as the main obstacle to peaceful international relations. While realists believe that peace is unattainable and prefer to concentrate on national security, liberals advocate for the establishment of peace. Liberals value community and collaboration in international politics, whereas realists emphasize anarchy more. Liberals have a more positive outlook on the international system and believe it is feasible to establish one that can foster cooperation and peace while also preventing war. Realists are more pessimistic about the global system, yet they believe that stability is the most important goal we should pursue.

-Positive peace is facilitating a peaceful society in which conflict is solved nonviolently. Negative peace is a state of no violence or fear of violence.

2. How does Johan Galtung describe positive peace in the video?

-Johan Galtung describes positive peace as cooperation for mutual and equal benefits. He also emphasizes the importance of harmony which is to suffer the suffering of others. 

3. To what extent do you agree with this quote? Explain your response. "Peace is a daily, a weekly, a monthly process, gradually changing opinions, slowly eroding old barriers, quietly building new structures. And however undramatic the pursuit of peace, that pursuit must go on."- JFK

-I highly agree with this quote because peace is a battle that the world will always be fighting for and the importance of peace is extremely great and as such peace must be pursued.

-A realist would say peace is inherently unachievable because of human nature. 

-A liberalist would say peace is possible but would take work to be achieved and a promotion of cooperation.

2 Compare and contrast structural violence and cultural violence.  Structural violence is concerned more with issues of social justice and inequality. Cultural violence isrepresenting the existence of preventing or prominent social norms that make direct and structural violence seem natural or right.

3 TOK questions. To what extent does religion cause conflicts? Because they can have beliefs that others don't and they could get mad.

2. Social justice and inequality concerns known as structural violence can have a significant impact on society and its citizens. Physical injury or social and political unrest are examples of direct violence. When they are actively attempting to harm you, that is.

3. When religion is applied strictly, conflict results. An excellent illustration would be when someone tries to convert someone to their religion, or present a defense.

2. They are all forms of violence, which is an act that is viewed or believed to be harmful. Structural violence is harm coming to people due to the social, political, or legal structures of the state. Direct violence is the use of physical force that leads to harm. Cultural violence is cultural norms making types of violence seem acceptable.

3. Religion can definitely cause conflicts, violent or not. Some of the clearest cases of that in history are the Crusades and the conquest of the Islamic Empire. In a broader context, conflict can arise simply because of how most religious beliefs have no room for conflicting ones to be true.  

2. Explain the differences between economic development, human development, and sustainable development. 

3. Compare and contrast absolute poverty with relative poverty.  

4. How can economic and human development improve each other? (Own thoughts)

5. How do you define success to serving those who are "poor"? (Own thoughts)

2. He says positive peace has two main components. They are equity and harmony. He says that equity is cooperation for mutual and equal benefit. Harmony is what is inside of you and basically feeling what others feel. 

3. I agree with this quote because peace is not easy to have, and is a long process. And peoples definitions of peace and the world are ever-changing.

4. Liberalists would work to get to a point where peace was a constant and long term thing, while realists would only see peace as a nice temporary thing and not try at all to make it last longer much less make it long term. 

-conflict is caused by single factors, conflict parties are rational unitary actors, conflict is visible always, conflict is undesirable always; conflict always needs to be settled, and conflict always requires “third party intervention.”

2. Compare and Contrast: Structural Violence, Direct Violence, and Cultural Violence. 

-Direct violence is the use of physical force that leads to harm, structural violence is where people are harmed due to social, political, or legal structures that have been created within the state, and cultural violence includes prejudices, stereotypes, and other attitudes that make violence seem natural or acceptable. 

3. TOK Question: To what extent does religion cause conflicts? 

-religion causes conflicts between people because different people believe in different religions, and people can get so deep into their beliefs that they assume every other person is wrong in their beliefs and will either hate that person and their religion or try to convince them they are right with harsh persuasion, and the other person might not respond well. 

2. Structural violence, direct violence, and cultural violence are all different forms of violence that cause harm. Direct violence is violence that causes harm to someone else either physically or mentally, while structural violence affects marginalized groups and it limits their access to resources. In contrast, cultural violence is indirect violence by shaping norms in society and perceptions. All of these forms of violence are all related, with cultural violence often making direct and structural violence normalized. In addition, structural violence includes cultural norms that don't justify inequality. Despite their differences, they all serve the unfortunate purpose of harming individuals or groups in various ways.

3. Religions cause many conflicts because people are often very attached to their religion and beliefs, so when someone disagrees with their beliefs they often become very upset. This causes conflict because it is hard to hear others talk down about something that is a priority in your life and can be very frustrating. When someone says your religion is wrong it can be taken as very disrespectful and make you think that everything in your life is wrong. When people are mad at each other, or have different beliefs on something, it is very easy to get into conflict.

2. Structural violence deals with social justice and equality. Direct violence involves the use of force to cause physical harm. Cultural violence is when an individual or group is harmed because of their culture.

3. Religion plays a big role in conflict because your religion changes your perspective on certain topics. That is why there is so much conflict in politics because of decisions based on religion. An example would be abortion because Christians believe it is morally wrong, whereas, people who aren’t Christian don’t think the same way and have the same perspective.

2. These three different types of violence are similar because they all involve conflict against one another. These three violences are different because structural violence is inequality violence towards different groups, direct violence is basically direct physical violence towards people. Culture violence is when someone is harmed because of the culture they are apart of. 

3. I feel like religion can cause conflict between one another by the religions thinking that they’re better than the other or shaming other religions calling it false. Shaming another religion is a serious thing that can be escalated into violence.

5. To what extent does the "state" still hold the power in global politics? 

1.5 Questions

1. Watch the video on sovereignty and explain what sovereignty means in your own words. 

2. Explain what the "billiard ball" method of sovereignty means. 

3. Research and explain what the "Westphalian System of Sovereignty" is. 

1.5 Answers

1.5

1. Outline the 6 different misconceptions about violence as seen in the Oxford Course Companion. 

-The misconceptions about violence are that conflict is caused by one factor, parties are unitary actors, is always visible, is always undesirable, always needs to be settled, and always requires a 3rd party intervention.

2. Compare and Contrast: Structural Violence, Direct Violence, and Cultural Violence. 

-Structural violence is when humans are hindered by systematic structure taking away basic human needs. Direct violence is behaviors that threaten life itself or diminish basic human needs. Cultural violence is social norms that make structural or direct violence seem normal or okay. All these are different types of violence but all together in history are what promotes violence. 

3. TOK Question: To what extent does religion cause conflicts?

-Religion causes high conflict because when someone is rooted in their religion they are stubborn to be open to other religions. For example, those who flew the planes into the Twin Towers were highly rooted in their religion so much that they believed nonbelievers should die. 

1. Describe what a "state" is using information from the website AND the video. 

-The state is a driving force that’s a political and legal entity. 

2. Explain what a failed state is. Describe and explain how Somalia is an example of a failed state. 

-A failed state is a state unable to make certain of domestic order by monopolizing the use of force within its border. Somalia is a failed state because Somalia failed to maintain order as such civil war, terrorism, and political corruption affect the state. 

3. Compare and Contrast democratic and authoritarian states. Justify which type of state would be a better state to live in explain your answer. 

-Democratic States and Authoritarian States pass power peacefully from one group to another by the will of the people. Only Democratic States have free and fair elections whereas Authoritarian States do not. A Democratic State would be better to live in because it gives the people more control over their leaders and the freedom to vote. 

4. Choose 2 of the following countries, research, and explain how that country is an authoritarian state. 

-Poland: Poland has regulated democratic activities by force and manipulation.

-India: In India’s constitution there is an authoritarian hold that India has. India also has maintained stuffing out democratic actions. 

5. To what extent does the "state" still hold power in global politics? 

-The state can control the freedoms that people have to make a country better or worse. 

1. Watch the video on sovereignty and explain what sovereignty means in your own words. 

-Sovereignty is the respect countries have for one another recognizing that they exist and not violating their existence. 

2. Explain what the "billiard ball" method of sovereignty means. 

-Sovereignty is the hard exterior protecting the billiard ball when it is struck. 

3. Research and explain what the "Westphalian System of Sovereignty" is. 

- The Westphalian System of Sovereignty is a system that was made after the Thirty Years War. This system states that every country has an equal right to sovereignty no matter how large or small the country is.

1.5

5. The state itself is still the primary actor in global relations. However, the state is not always guided by the input of the people, especially in authoritarian governments. In that sense, the power actually belongs to the leader(s) of the state, rather than the state itself. Right now, the globe is fairly evenly divided between democratic states, which you can generally say that are controlled by the state itself or the people's will, and authoritarian states, which you can generally say are controlled by powerful individuals or small groups. 

1.5 Questions

1. Sovereignty means the rights that an independent country holds in international relations. Its result is giving the authority to the actions of a state to that state's government. For example, the sovereignty of a country protects it (to an extent) from interference from more powerful states.

2. It means that if states are like billiard balls, then the hard exteriors are the sovereignties of the states. A country's sovereignty protects it from the advances of another country on its actions, just like the exterior of a billiard ball protects the inside of it from another ball striking it.

3. The Westphalian System of Sovereignty is the standard of sovereignty that is said to have been established in the Treaties of Westphalia. It says that states should have more diplomatic relations and should not be able to directly intervene in another state's domestic issues. It has held from the time of its establishment to the present day.

https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803121924198

https://www.britannica.com/question/How-has-Vladimir-Putin-changed-Russia 

https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/04/19/putin-s-war-has-moved-russia-from-authoritarianism-to-hybrid-totalitarianism-pub-86921 

Poland is also an authoritarian state because there is manipulation to try to get people to make democratic activities harder. There are accusations that they are breaking the law by undermining judicial independence. They use force and manipulation to get what they want. The leader of Poland enacted a law that gave him even more power. So now “Poland’s leader” has so much higher power that he took from the government. This new law gave him more power and authority over political rivals and it gave him power against the Polish government. They violate the basic human rights for the people and have completely taken control of the media.

https://notesfrompoland.com/2021/06/08/poland-and-hungary-are-now-essentially-authoritarian-says-obama/ 

1.5

1. Describe what a "state" is using information from the website AND the video. 

A state is a political entity that is independent of other entities, has its own system of laws, and freely exercises control over its land. States are the essential "building block" of the international system and are the primary actor in global politics. Also, the international relations theory claims that a state must include the following: a permanent population; defined territory (borders); one central government; and the ability to have relations with another state. 

2. Explain what a failed state is. Describe and explain how Somalia is an example of a failed state. 

Failed states are those that are no longer able to perform their key role of ensuring domestic order by monopolizing the use of force within their territory, and are often gripped by civil war or warlordism. Somalia is a failed state because it is no longer able to operate as usable political units because they don’t have a good system of law and order. They are also not able to provide for their citizens and they have no functioning infrastructure. Somalia is in a terrible condition that is very unsafe to live in, and it is definitely an example of a failed state.

3. Compare and Contrast democratic and authoritarian states. Justify which type of state would be a better state to live in- explain your answer. 

Democratic states generally have free and fair elections, while authoritarian states generally lack free and fair elections and favour collectivism, traditional culture/values, and economic development over the rights and freedoms of individuals and minority groups. Democratic states are a better state to live in because they are more fair and ensure that the citizens get what they want and are not exploited by the government. In authoritarian states, the government is in control and the people do what they are told to do. This can cause trouble because the government has a lot of power and thes are able to mistreat this power without any consequences, which can be very dangerous for the citizens and state. 

4. Choose 2 of the following countries, research, and explain how that country is an authoritarian state. 

Thailand has an autocracy ruling with a strong military presence and the country has been ruled by military governments for most of its history. There was an unlawful seizure of power that took place in 2014 in Thailand and it shifted the government away from democracy and into the strictest authoritarian rule that it has had since 1976. In 2021, Thailand's democracy movement had many limitations on civil liberties, which lead to increased authoritarianism in the country. 

The government stays authoritarian because the unelected Senate votes with the lower house to see the government's strategy and select the prime minister. Some authoritarian aspects that Thailand has includes: arbitrary arrests; intimidation; lèse-majesté charges; and harassment of activists.

Russia is an authoritarian state that has a highly centralized political system. 

Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic, but it's often known as having an authoritarian government as President Vladimir Putin dominates the political system and the Kremlin manipulates elections and suppresses dissent. The Russian government has a media that it closely controls, a judiciary that tends to follow its lead, and security forces that are loyal to the government. The Russian government also has a legislature with a ruling party and pliable opposition factions. Russia is an "electoral authoritarianism" because they adopt democratic institutions, but the country's rulers are authoritarian. Some traits that Russia shares with other authoritarian states include: subordinating the rule of law to the interests of the top leaders; violating human rights; corruption; and a powerful nexus between business and the state.

5. To what extent does the "state" still hold the power in global politics? 

The power of the "state" in global politics is very significant as states have military strength, diplomatic influence, and the ability to make and enforce laws in their stat. But nowadays, multinational corporations, international organizations, and NGOs also have a big say in what shapes global policies. Things like climate change, terrorism, and pandemics need cooperation beyond individual states. So, while states hold power, it is shared with many others.

1.5 Questions

1. Watch the video on sovereignty and explain what sovereignty means in your own words. 

Sovereignty is when a nation has supreme power and authority over its own land and people;e. It includes the power that the nation has to make its own laws, maintain independence, and decide on its future. It also has to do with not interfering with other countries, and especially not using military force.

2. Explain what the "billiard ball" method of sovereignty means. 

The “billiard ball” method of sovereignty means that states are like billiard balls, where they are protected from external attacks and blows with sovernignty, which is like the hard exterior of the ball. A state's sovereignty protects it from foreign interference in this method.

3. Research and explain what the "Westphalian System of Sovereignty" is. 

The Westphalian System of Sovereignty is a system of international relations where all states are equal and have full control over their own internal affairs, with no external interference. It became the foundation of modern international relations and was established in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648.

The Philippines is an authoritarian state because the handling of justice and rule of law within the country is disorganized, favoring the politically and economically elite. Though they have persisted for quite some time and still pose a threat to the government, violent insurgencies have quelled in recent years, and since 2016 former president Rodrigo Duertes war against drugs have led to thousands of unprecedented deaths. 

1.5

1. A state is an organized democracy with its own laws and the right to exert its power across its territory. It's A political and legal entity.

2. A failing state is unable to fulfill its essential duty of protecting domestic order. Somalia is unstable because it has a very high failure risk, this is why it's a failed state. 

3. In democracies, the transfer of power happens through free and fair elections, which is in a peaceful and conflict-free manner between opposing groups or parties. In democratic states, constitutional protections for individual rights and liberties are frequent. Authoritative peace gives groups or parties the reins of authority. Traditional values and collectivism are often supported by authoritarians. 

4. Brazil: Brazil has a system of president gouvernement and a federal structure; it is not an autocracy. The current constitution offers significant protection for civil liberties. 

Russia: Russia conducts a novel military action and refuses to listen to ideas that might challenge their limited worldview. In a short period of time, Russia went from being a young democracy to one that is highly controlled and restrained. 

5. Even if I don't think the state is omnipotent I do think it has a lot of power. Only in their own state can they affect change in international relations. They can also influence or alter certain aspects of other nations using their state.

1.5

1. Sovereignty give a gouvernement the power to rule the people and also shows respect for other states.

2. According to the doctrine of sovereignty, the government defends its citizens from outside forces.

3. Was created as a system after the Thirty Year War. No matter how big or small a country may be, it has an equal right to sovereignty under this system.  

2. What are the universal human rights?

3. How can the concepts of human rights, liberty and equality be related to the concept of power?

4. How can we relate the concepts of liberty and equality to human rights? How are these concepts related or, perhaps, interdependent?

5. What do these concepts look like in real life? How would we know if individuals and societies possess liberty or are in a state of equality?