Unit 2 Content by Megan Zapalac https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at Made with a quick smile en-us 2020-03-29 19:10:45 UTC 2025-11-06 04:29:44 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f601.png Two Divisions of the ANS! megzapalac https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480864659 The two divisions of the ANS are the parasympathetic nervous system, and the sympathetic nervous system. Alternate names for the sympathetic nervous system are orthosympathetic nervous system, and thoracolumbar nervous system. An
Alternate name for the parasympathetic nervous system is  craniosacral system.
Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/science/neuroblastoma
https://www.britannica.com/science/parasympathetic-nervous-system]]> 2020-03-29 19:14:37 UTC https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480864659 Neurotransmitters for Each Division of the ANS! megzapalac https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480880153 Neurotransmitters for the sympathetic nervous system are epinephrine, and nor-epinephrine. Neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine.
Sources:
 https://www.britannica.com/science/parasympathetic-nervous-system
https://www.britannica.com/science/autonomic-nervous-system
Unit 2 powerpoints]]> 2020-03-29 19:28:42 UTC https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480880153 Locations Where Each Neurotransmitter is Released! megzapalac https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480890176 Epinephrine is produced by the adrenal medulla, and acts on adrenergic receptors ( Sympathetic receptors). Nor-epinephrine is released at post-ganglionic nerve endings, is synthesized from dopamine, and is released by the adrenal medulla and neurons. Acetylcholine is released at post-ganglionc and presynaptic nerve endings. 
Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/science/sympathetic-nervous-system
https://www.britannica.com/science/parasympathetic-nervous-system
Unit 2 powerpoints]]> 2020-03-29 19:37:34 UTC https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480890176 Receptors in Each Division! megzapalac https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480904532 Sympathetic receptors:
Alpha 1- Found on glands, smooth muscles, eyes, most arteries and veins.
Alpha 2- Found on smooth muscle.
Beta 1- Located on the heart.
Beta 2- Visceral smooth muscle. 

Parasympathetic receptors:
Nicotinic 1- Located at ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves ( Synapse area).
Nicotinic 2- Located at the somatic, neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle. 
Muscarinic- Located on cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands. Also located at parasympathetic post-ganglionic nerve endings. 
Source:
Unit 2 powerpoints

]]> 2020-03-29 19:50:17 UTC https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480904532 Effects When Sympathetic Transmitters are Stimulated! megzapalac https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480918673 When the adrenal medulla release epinephrine and norepinephrine, they cause these effects:

Arteries- vasoconstriction (exceptions are the coronary arteries and arteries to skeletal muscle, which are dilated)

Heart- Increases heart rate and AV node conduction. Also increases contractility.

Intestines, GI motility, and Secretions- Decreased

Postganglionic Neurotransmitter- Norepinephrine released

Pupil of eye- Dilation (Mydrasis)

Respiratory passages (lower)- Bronchodilation

Urinary Bladder- Relaxation

Urinary Sphincter- Contaction

Sources:
Unit 2 powerpoints]]> 2020-03-29 20:03:32 UTC https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480918673 Effects When Parasympathetic Transmitters are Stimulated! megzapalac https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480931557 When the Neurotransmitters in the Parasympathetic system are activated, these effects occur:

Arteries- Most arteries are not supplied by parasympathetic nerves.

Heart- Decreases heart rate and AV node conduction.

Intestines, GI motility, and secretions- Increased

Postganglionic Neurotransmitter- Acetylcholine released

Pupil of the eye- Constriction (miosis)

Respiratory Passages (lower)- Bronchoconstriction

Urinary Bladder- Contraction

Urinary Sphincter- Relaxation

Sources:
Unit 2 powerpoints]]> 2020-03-29 20:15:25 UTC https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480931557 ANS Drug Classifications! megzapalac https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480953334 Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists- 
Receptor interacted with is Alpha 1 receptors. MOA is alpha 1 receptor is stimulated; contraction of smooth muscle, blood vessels constrict, increase in blood pressure, vasoconstriction of nasal passages, and causes a decongestant effect.

Adrenergic Agonists- 
Receptor interacted with is alpha and beta receptors. MOA is vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, cardiac stimulant, and bronchodilation. 

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker-
Receptor interacted with is alpha-1 receptors. MOA is that the alpha-1 receptors are blocked which causes relaxation of smooth muscles, vasodilation of blood vessels, decreases blood pressure, and relaxes smooth muscle of ureters and increases urine flow.

Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonist-
Receptors interacted with are dopamine (d-1) receptors, beta 1 receptors, and alpha 1 receptors.
At low doses dopamine receptors are stimulated and causes vasodilation and increased renal blood flow. At moderate doses, beta 1 receptors are stimulated, and increased force of contraction occurs, and increased cardiac output. At high doses, alpha 1 receptors are stimulated causing vasoconstriction, which causes increased blood pressure.

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist-
Receptors interacted with are beta 2 receptors. MOA is that when the beta 2 receptors are stimulated, relaxation of the smooth muscle of the lungs occurs, bronchodilation, and relaxation of smooth muscle of the uterus.

Beta Blocker-
Receptors involved are beta1 and beta 2 receptors. MOA of nonselective beta blockers are that they block beta 1 and beta 2 receptors which causes a decrease force of contraction, and decreased cardiac output. They decrease heart rate, conduction, blood pressure, and bronchoconstriction.  MOA of selective beta blockers are that beta 1 receptors are blocked, which causes decreased force of contraction, decreased cardiac output, decreased heart rate, decreased conduction, and decreased blood pressure.

Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist-
Receptors interacted with are muscarinic receptors. MOA is that they directly stimulate and bind to muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic division, and it mimics acetlycholine.

Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents-
MOA is that it inhibits acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys acetylcholine in the synapse. It increases acetylcholine.

Anticholinergic-
Receptors involved are cholinergic receptors. MOA is that it binds to to a cholinergic receptor, and acts as a blocking drug; competitive anatagonism. 

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants-

1) Peripheral Skeletal Muscle Relaxants-

a) Depolarizing Skeletal Muscle Relaxants-
Receptors involved are Nicotinic 2.
MOA is a two step process in which the drug binds to N 2 receptors and induces depolarization, muscle fasciculations occur. Then it alters the N 2 receptor, so it cannot respond to endogenous ACH and prevents contractions from occuring.

b) Non-depolarizing Skeletal Muscle Relaxants-
Receptors involved are Nicotinic 2 receptors. MOA is that the drug occupies the N 2 receptor sites, ACH cannot bind, and no contraction or depolarization can occur.

c) Direct Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants-
MOA is that the drug inhibits skeletal muscle contraction, blocks CA++ release within the muscle fiber, and does not affect the nicotinic 2 receptors or spinal cord conduction.

2) Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants-
MOA is that the drug decreases the number of impulses available to produce a contraction at motor neurons, and blocks conduction within the spinal cord.

]]> 2020-03-29 20:35:58 UTC https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480953334 Specific Drugs and Their classifications! megzapalac https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480994412 Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonist
ephedrine
phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine ®) 

Adrenergic Agonist
epinephrine (Adrenalin ®)

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker
prazosin (Minipress ®)
terazosin (Hytrin ®)
doxazosin (Cardura ®)

Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonist
formoterol (Foradil ®)
albuterol (Proventil ®/Ventolin ®)
terbutaline (Brethine ®)

Beta Blocker Nonselective
nadolol (Corgard ®)
propanolol (Inderal ®)
timolol ( Blocadren ®)

Beta Blocker Selective
atenolol (Ternormin ®)
metoprolol (Lopressor ®)

Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist
acetylcholine 
pilocarpine (Pilocar ®)
bethanechol (Urecholine ®)

Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents
neostigmine (Prostigmin ®)

Anticholinergic
atropine
dicyclomine (Bentyl ®)

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants 
Peripherally Acting 
Depolarizing Agent
succinylcholine

Peripherally Acting
Non-depolarizing Agent
rocuronium bromide (Zemuron ®)

Peripherally Acting 
Direct Acting
dantrolene (Dantrium ®)

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants 
Centrally Acting
cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril ®)
carisoprodol (Soma ®)
methocarbamol (Robaxin ®)
orphenadrine citrate (Norflex ®)
chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte DSC ®)
metaxalone (Skelaxin ®)

Mast Cell Stabilizers
cromolyn sodium (Intal®/Nasalcrom ®)

Bronchodilators
Sympathomimetics "B-2 agonist"
albuterol (Proventil ®/Ventolin®)
formoterol (Foradil®)
terbutaline (Brethine®)
salmeterol (Serevent®)

Xanthine Derivatives
theophylline (Theo-Dur®)
aminophylline (Paladron ®)

Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist
montelukast (Singulair ®)

Anticholinergic
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)

Combination Bronchodilator
ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate (Combivent®)

Antihistamines Generation 1
(Sedating)
brompheniramine (Dimetapp®)
chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton®)
clemstine (Tavist®)
diphenhydramine (Benadryl®)
hydroxyzine (Atarax®)
promethazine (Phenergan®)
azelastin (Astelin®/Astepro®)

Antihistamines Generation 2
(Non Sedating)
loratidine (Claritin®)
fexofenadine®)
cetirizine (Zyrtec®)

Corticosteriod
budesonide (Rhinocort®/Pulmicort®)
mometasone (Nasonex®/Asmanex®)
fluticasone (Flonase®/Flovent®)
triamcinolone (Nasacort®/Azmacort®)

Antitussives
Narcotic
hydrocodone (Hycodan®)
codeine/guaifenesin (Robitussin AC®)

Antitussives
Nonnarcotic
dextromethorphan/guaifenesin (Robitussin DM®)
benzonatate (Tessalon Perles®)

Decongestants
oxymetazoline (Afrin®)
pheniramine (Dristan®)
phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
pseufoephedrine (Sudafed®)

Expectorants
guaifenesin (Robitussin®, Mucinex®, Organidin®)

Sources:
Master Drug list in Unit 2
]]> 2020-03-29 21:19:22 UTC https://padlet.com/megzapalac/75prwuogw5at/wish/480994412