- Endless ocean of lava

- Mars collides with Earth liquefying both

- Ejected trillions of tons of debris into space

- Ring of rocks surrounds Earth 

- Over next 1,000 years, gravity pulls together to form our Moon

- 14,000 miles away

- Earth’s rotation is fast; 1 day = 6 hours

- Tiny crystals inside meteors contain trace amounts of H2O

- 20 My of impact adds H2O to the planet
- surface cools enough to form crust 170°F, interior still hot

- mega storms form due to planet’s rapid rotation

- Huge tides

- many tiny islands made by molten rock volcanoes
- over time, islands join together to form first continents (shields)

- Earth has land and water, but toxic atm, scorching temps

- meteorites bring minerals to bottom of ocean
- carbon & primitive proteins made up of amino acids

- hydrothermal vents form on ocean floor

- single celled bacteria 1st life
- shallow ocean

- stromatolites use sunlight to transform CO2 into glucose releasing O2

- iron rust falls to ocean floor

- O2 levels rise over next 2 billion years

- no complex life

- plate tectonics (heat convection) move rocks below crust

- Rodinia 1st supercontinent surrounded by shallow seas

- stromatolites work for more than 2 billion years

- SFC temp 85°, 18 hour days

- Earth looks more like Mars

- massive release of CO2 by volcanoes

- CO2 + H2O = acid rain

- rocks exposed due to (tearing apart of continent) absorb CO2 out of atm

- not enough CO2 to heat Earth

- ice sheets spread from poles to meet at equator

- thick ice 10,000 ft.

- sunlight reflected
- remains cold for 15 million years until volcanic eruptions break through the ice

- CO2 builds up warming temps (rocks covered by ice)
- ice begins to melt

- ice melting reacts with sunlight to produce hydrogen peroxide

- massive amounts of oxygen released

- temperatures are warmer, days are 22 hours

- bacteria evolve surviving the big freeze

- plants on seafloor

- seas contain life multicellular organisms 

- CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
- increased O2 = larger creatures 

- bony skeletons, worms, sponges, trilobites & anomalocaris

- picita 1.5” long, 1st with spine

- life diversifies and explodes in the ocean

- 90°F at surface

- no life on land = Sun’s radiation too strong
- 30 mi. above SFC, O2 + sunlight = O3 (ozone)

- ozone layer forms absorbing lethal radiation

- mossy plants at first, produce O2

- Tictaalik (fish) swim

- use fins to move out of water & evolve over 15 million years

- tetrapods make landfall, lead to 4-legged vertebrates, dinosaurs, birds, mammals and eventually humans

- trees produce seeds spread by wind

- increase in O2 by plants

- Megamura (huge dragonfly) size of an Eagle

- large insects; millipedes 6 ft. long

- scorpions size of wolves

- Hylonomus laid eggs on land, led to reptiles

- dead plants make peat, over time heat + pressure = coal

- huge, massive eruption over large area (present day Siberia)

- flood basalt lava covers entire landscape

- ash suffocates animals & blocks out sunlight

- sulfur dioxide fills the atmosphere

- sulfuric acid rain burns everything

- atmosphere hot, H2O evaporates, plants die

-*greatest mass extinction Permian extinction* 95% all species gone

- oceans turn pink (only pink algae remain)

- sea life perishes

- oceans hot, no O2

- bubbles of methane gas (GHG) escape from sea bed increasing temps

- 105°F few mammals burrow underground to survive

- temps stabilize

- acid rain more neutral

- vegetation returns

- dinosaurs flourish

- Tethys sea forms (over current Middle East)

- dead marine organisms cover sea floor, over time become oil
- North American & Eurasian plate grow farther apart

- North America breaks away from Africa

- continents begin to take shape

- Atlantic ocean forms with Mid Atlantic Ridge in the center

- smoke & ash block Sun

- plants combust & die, animals starve, mass extinction

- mammals living underground survive

- 1st monkeys (eventually led to humans)

- atmosphere - 75°F

- no humans yet

- mountains created acting as a wall 

- rainforest dries and becomes savannah

- causes great ape migration

- stopped dragging knuckles & begin to walk upright

- Homo Sapiens populate the world (~200 indigenous)