The significance of this experiment is predation are known to influence the distribution of behavioural traits among prey individuals, populations and communities over both evolutionary and ecological time scales. 

The problem statement is chemosensory assessment of predation risk is widespread among fish species as visual cues are often limited in aquatic systems. Learning predator identities through social learning is beneficial to naive individuals as it eliminates the need for direct interaction with a potential threat. 

This study aim to investigate whether Acanthochromis polyacanthus has a chemical alarm cue and whether this species could transmit the recognition of a natural predator of odour, black barred rock cod, Cephalopholis boenak, to conspecifics.

A polyacanthus were found to decrease their distance from shelter when the conspecific skin extract was injected. There was no change in behaviour in response to the X.helleri skin extract or saltwater controls.

The behavioural response of A.polyacanthus to the odour of C.boenak was examined, with no significant differences in distance from shelter observed.

               The problem statement is fish cell lines are difficult to develop as it always associate with contamination of microorganisms.

The aim of the experiment is to develop of a simple culture method for the tissues contaminated with microorganisms and application to establishment of a fish cell line. 

In this particular approach, the tissues (scale) removed from the goldfish (Carassius auratus), were pretreated with low concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution (NaClO), as higher concentration might direct damage to the cells. The purpose of treating the tissues in this solution is act as the antimicrobial solution to prevent the growth of the microorganism and also fungi. Next, it is treated with 70% ethanol and then with 0.3% of sodium hypochlorite solution and cultured in vitro in the condition of having 0.5% CO₂ (Akimoto, Takaoka & Sorimachi. 2000.) 

According to Akimoto, Takaoka and Sorimachi (2000), from the result of the experiment shown the doubling time of the fish cell line is 24h. GAKS cell lines have been tested for the cytotoxic compound on fish cells. Hence, it means that the GAKS cells are very useful as a preliminary tool for the assesment of chemical risks to aquatic environment and also used  to detect the pollutants. Thus, the GAKS cell line woukld be a good model system to investigate the biochemical functions of fish cells.

 

Reference:

K. Akimoto., T. Takaoka., & K. Sorimachi. (2000). Development of a Simple Culture Method for the Tissues Contaminated with Microorganisms and Application to Establishment of a Fish Cell        line. Zoological Science. 17, 61-63.

The genomic and transcriptomics data available for this species still insufficient. 

This research carried out in order to analyse transcriptome of Crucian crap and characterise it that will provide a valuable genomic resource. 

In order to carry out this research, we performed de novo transcriptosme sequencing of four cDNA libraries that represent brain,muscle,liver and kidney. Apart from that,this research also carried out using microsatellite and SNP marker in order to study regarding Crucian crap molecular selection and breeding. 

At the end of this research,we found that this gene revealed more in brain,up-regulated in muscle and down-regulated in liver whereby we had identified 11296 microsatellite and 5784 SNP markers for crucian crap molecular selection and breeding. 

The problem statement of the study was that freshwater fishes are at risk of being exposed to various contaminants and potentially toxic compounds through their environment.

The aim of the study was to investigate the MXR mechanism in freshwater fishes, particularly western mosquitofish and bluegill sunfish.

The experimental approach of the study was done by the evaluation of the potential of various compounds (such as P-glycoprotein, Pgp) to modulate the MXR system by inducing or inhibiting the MXR system, in the two species of freshwater fishes mentioned earlier, which are measured through the accumulation and efflux of a model Pgp fluorescent substrate, rhodamine B (RB)

The conclusive remarks of the study was that a known mammalian inhibitor and inducer did not significantly modulate the MXR mechanism. The MXR system is not fully characterized in aquatic species thus further studies are needed to evaluate the importance of this system compared with other detoxification mechanism in fish.

However, ABC transported have eight subfamilies which contributes to other evolutionary path in the animal taxa. This research allows the assessment of the eight subfamilies of ABC gene named from A to H which subsequently correlates to the phylogenetic relationship of T. japonicus.

Thus, this research focuses on analyzing the evolutionary placement of ABC genes, in-depth phylogenetic analysis conducted for each subfamily. This allows evaluation of evolutionary distance of each ABC transporter across different family.

Experimental approaches used to annotate each subfamily. Full length ABC sequence derived from in-silico analysis and RACE method. It regulates the sequencing of ABC genes of T. japonicus.  

As a conclusion, this analysis provides new insight into diversity of the entire ABC subfamily in copepod, T. japonicus.

The problem was, to what extent is the composition and variation of GTM in captive or inbred species as compared to the wild population.

The aim of this research was to compare the composition of GTM of captive or inbred mice to that of wild mice. Besides, this study aimed to determine the difference in the variation of GTM between captive or inbred mice and wild mice.

As the experimental approach, 454 pyrosequencing was applied to barcode 16S rDNA GTM for 30 wild house mice (Mus musculus) and inbred mice derived from 2 wild subspecies, M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus. Then, Kreisinger et al. (2014) selected the sequenced individuals based on a 2 x 2 experimental design for 2 sets of experiments, 14 wild species versus 16 inbred species and   M. m. musculus versus versus M. m. domesticus. Alpha diversity, beta diversity and microbiota composition were then compared across the four groups.

The result of Kreisinger et al. (2014) experiment showed a low effect of genetic differentiation between M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus on GTM structure. In detail, both wild and inbred populations were determined to have the same level of alpha and beta diversity but there were strong differentiation in the microbiota composition between both populations. 

- Gel Cycle-Pure DNA kit (DNA extraction), Universal primers 27f and 1492r (16S rDNA library construction) and Blue/white selection (clone screening) were also used for the perfecting of such method used for identification 

- Data obtained indicated that allochthonous gut microbes of grass carp were distinctly different from the corresponding environment microbes. It also suggested that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the main inhabitants in the intestine of grass carp. 

Next, the problem statement is that the textile of wastewater contain high amount of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ,Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), alkalinity and total dissolved solids. As the result, it will cause health problems to humans as it contains toxic carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds that affect towards aquatic organism.

Besides that, the aim of this research is to investigate the potential of some marine (Chlorella marina, Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis sp. Dunaliella salina and Nannochloropsis sp.) and freshwater microalgal (Chlorella sp.)  cells in dye removal from textile wastewater. 

Furthermore, this researcher used adsorption and encapsulation  method for immobilized marine. While for microalgal, they used biosorption,bioconversion,biogulation and bioremediation. They also used spectrophotometer analysis to determine the maximum absorbance wavelength of diluted untreated textile effluent.A part of that, the alginate beads (without microalgae) has been used as control in decolourisation.

Based on the treatment method result, stable condition is more effective in decolourisation process compared to shaking condition due to presence of oxygen.For the result that effect of different algal s.p, I.galbana is the most suitable for bioremediation and removing pollutant compared to Chaetoceros s.p and Tetraselmis s.p. due to size of cells.Alginate also is the most frequent polymer used for algal immobilization. They found an increase in algal biomass will increase the removal efficiency and shortened the retention.

In a conclusion, I.galbana is the best candidates among the six microalgae studied as it effectively remove synthetic dyes from textile effluent.

               Nanoparticles used for commercial products and often deviate dramaticallyfrom the properties of bulk materials, often exhibiting mechanical, chemical, magnetics, electronic and optical properties. The applications are printable inks for flexible electronics, biomedical asays, drug delivery, colorants and paints. The purpose of the study was to investigate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of metal nanoparticles used in commercial products and antifungal and antimicrobial effects on medeka fish. Silver nanoparticles are toxic to fish inducing death, changes in gene expressions and embryotoxicity, inducing chromosomal damage in cultured fish cells. These also exhibit toxic effectr that cause the clumping of the immune cells around the biomedical tracts. Approach of the silver nanoparticles are chemical and reagent such as KCl and crystals violet, cell culture using the medeka cell line, silver nanoparticles preparations which synthesized using single-pot redox chemical technology, characterizations of silver nanoparticles in tissue culture media on the size and dipersity to media conditions, cytotoxicity assay which cell treated with nanoparticles for 24 hour and reseeded at density of 600 cells and genotoxicity which measure the chromosomal aberations.

Myosin II is vital for the cell motility, by contributing the amoeboid locomotion to the cell. The contractile forces generated by myosin II help in the detachment and retraction of the cell, allowing the locomotion of cell. However, the mechanism behind it is not yet discovered. Hence, the devise experiment is to find out the specific function of myosin II towards the amoeboid locomotion of the cell. Coverslip preparation and adhesivity assays is used to determine the speed of myosin II null mutant cells and wild-type cells. The substratum adhesivity is inversely proportional to the speed of myosin II null mutant cells. However, the substratum adhesivitydoes not affect much on the wild-type cells. This resultsuggested that myosin II is essential for amoeboid locomotion.