Cold War by

Ideologies

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 11:31:57 UTC

The cold war (1947 - 1991) was fought not through proxy wars but through the different ideologies

USA

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 12:08:34 UTC

The USA is a liberal capitalist country, they believe in a free economic market. In the economic sense, this is a right-wing ideology, based on individualism. The opposite of communism they believe in private ownership of the means of production.
The US was also a democracy. A democracy is a system where the power to decide the people in their government in with the majority of the people. This is done through elections and this system is a part of most countries today

USSR

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 12:48:01 UTC

After the Russian Revolution (1917-1923), Russia/USSR create an ideological system called communism. This system believes that the means of production should be owned by the workers. For example, a factory would be owned by factory workers, not a millionaire. Another characteristic of communism is the removal of social classes. Communism which was derived from Marxism focuses on the needs and struggles of the needs of the working class
The USSR was a dictatorship, which means the government was not chosen by its people. The government was often chosen by one individual that held all the power.

Acclamation and Criticism of Capitalism

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 15:57:11 UTC

Acclaims
In a capitalist society, individualism is substantial and this means that people rely on themselves instead of their government. This encourages innovation, efficiency, and economic growth.
Innovation - With the incentive of money, people are always producing and funding new ideas and projects. This way people will not stagnant the economy and instead create better or different goods.
Efficiency - With the pressure to earn money and create more goods that are in demand, efficiency booms, and waste and losses are cut. Due to the lack of reward, in this case, money, many consider public services to be inefficient
Economic Growth - Similarly to the other points with the need for money, more products are created boosting the economy

Criticisms
Lack of care for the environment - The need for growth of capitalist society has interrupted the cycle of natural amounts of waste being produced and dumped, not only natural resources are extracted every day to produce more goods. All of this has negatively affected our environment, oceans are acidifying, and biodiversity is being lost at unprecedented rates.
Exploration of the worker - the capitalist system heavily relies on the exploration of its workers. The owners of the mean of production want the cheapest labor they can find, it often means that workers work long hours with little pay, horrible work conditions, and no healthcare or education. It is not uncommon for some companies to turn to third-world countries in order to maximize profit, where workers have few to no rights. This results in a growing wage gap between the rich and the poor, where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer
Inherited Wealth - A right within capitalism is that your wealth can be passed down through generations, the problem with that is that capitalism revolves around the notion that people work hard to be rich, but the majority of millionaires and especially billionaires are just privileged enough to be born into rich families, this shows that capitalism fails to provide both an equal outcome and an equal opportunity.

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 15:57:36 UTC

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 16:01:45 UTC

“Capitalism is the astounding belief that the most wickedest of men will do the most wickedest of things for the greatest good of everyone.”

– John Maynard Keynes

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 16:32:32 UTC

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 16:54:32 UTC

Acclamation and Criticism of Communism

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 17:19:47 UTC

Acclaims
In a communist society, communalism is held as the ideal, this means that there are no classes such as poor or rich. For something to be accepted, it needs to benefit all just not one person.
Equity - Everyone is provided for, and there are no social classes because there is no class system. The state is controlled by people who represent the masses. The is no need to worry about housing or food.
Healthcare, and Education - In this system, everyone has equal opportunities, and everyone has the right to equal and free education and healthcare.
No business monopoly - Due to the government's control over factories, manufacturers are limited in the number of products they can produce and cannot charge higher prices for themselves.

Criticism
It dictated people - This system has been abused by dictators such as Stalin to control the lives of their country. Making sure no one has freedom but him, creating no space for reform
Stuns Personal Growth - It can be argued that the lack of social classes can stun personal growth. People feel that they cannot achieve something more like they are at the end of the road.
No financial freedom - In a communist society the money is controlled by its government, meaning entrepreneurs cannot get rich as opposed to a free economic market.

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 17:22:11 UTC

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 17:55:26 UTC

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 17:56:14 UTC

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 17:57:02 UTC

Causes for the War

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 17:59:10 UTC

The causes for war, especially the cold war are intricately relevant even in today's time, this padlet I will talk about the 2 main ones. Ideological differences between the U.S. and Soviet Union, the U.S. and the Soviet Union’s differing foreign policy objectives, how the UN is involved in this and how did propaganda take a part in it.

USSR Foreign Policy

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 19:26:44 UTC

The communist ideology of the Soviet Union, which intended to advance Marxist-Leninist ideals internationally, had a significant impact on its foreign policy objectives. This gave birth to its primary goal of promoting communism and inciting a global revolution, which it hoped to result in capitalism's eventual collapse. The Soviet Union used a variety of policy instruments and techniques, including military operations, political alliances, and propaganda advertisement, to accomplish this goal.
This entailed invading nations like Cuba, Vietnam, and Afghanistan in order to impose communist regimes there or to assist those that already existed. A lot of the time, military force was used to carry out these operations.
Making political relationships with other nations was a key component of another important foreign policy objective. In addition, the Soviet Union actively tried to establish partnerships with other nations that had similar ideologies, including, but limited to China, North Korea, and Vietnam.
The Soviet Union made several attempts to advance communism and exercise influence over other nations, but it was mainly unsuccessful in doing so. The persistence of capitalist systems and the resistance of nations to Soviet involvement were among the causes of this.

Propaganda

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 19:36:30 UTC

In addition to military and political measures, propaganda was also an important tool in Soviet foreign policy. The Soviet Union was portrayed as a strong, rich, and superior nation while the communist ideology was promoted by the government through propaganda. The Soviet government was able to transmit its ideas broadly and stifle any opposition by exerting control over media outlets, creative manifestations, literature, and educational resources. The government used propaganda in order to defend decisions such as the Korean War or the invasion of Afghanistan or make other countries believe that USSR was better than the Western Allies. Furthermore, Joseph Stalin became a subject of something almost cultlike that was fostered through propaganda. Stalin was consistently depicted as a hero, and his policies earned praise despite the horrible effects they had. The government promoted Stalin and his philosophy through literature, art, and music. Stalin's glorification aided in keeping him in charge and in exercising control over the population. Overall, propaganda was a vital instrument the Soviet leadership employed to keep power and shape the minds of its people.

US foreign policy

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 20:04:55 UTC

The main goals of American foreign policy during the Cold War were to restrain Soviet expansionism and stop the spread of communism. In order to stop the expansion of communist dominance, the Truman Doctrine, which was declared in 1947, offered military and economic help to nations who were threatened by Soviet invasion. Launched in 1948, the Marshall Plan sought to improve Western Europe's ability to oppose Soviet influence while reviving its war-devastated economy.
Maintaining a powerful military and nuclear weapons was another goal of US foreign policy, which was intended to deter the Soviet Union from attacking the US or its allies.
The strategy also highlighted the need to protect US interests by using economic and diplomatic pressure rather than a direct military conflict with the Soviet Union.
With the conclusion of the Cold War in 1991, US foreign policy underwent a profound transformation, shifting from containment and discouragement of communism to engagement and collaboration with former enemies. Nevertheless, many of the difficulties the US faced during the Cold War, such as nuclear threats by non-state actors, are still relevant today.

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 21:14:26 UTC

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 21:23:56 UTC

This is a speech given by the US' 33rd president Harry S. Truman about the cold war

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 21:26:14 UTC

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 21:29:25 UTC

NATO's Role in the War

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 21:44:37 UTC

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was founded in 1949 to compete with the USSR's military potential and expansionist goals. It was a military partnership between North America and Europe, especially the United States, to offer member nations collective defense against any foreign danger. The main goal of the alliances was to stop the development of communism in Europe. NATO increased its military power to oppose the Soviet Union's military supremacy and ensured its member nations had the tools and instruction needed to defend themselves from a hypothetical Soviet military attack. The Soviet Union was compelled to restrict its military actions in Europe due to NATO's strong military might. NATO played a crucial role in the Cold War by helping to stop the Soviet Union's expansionist goals in Europe, and by guaranteeing its member nations were protected from potential military attack

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 21:47:45 UTC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2FM3_h33Tg

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 21:52:30 UTC

https://www.britannica.com/topic/North-Atlantic-Treaty-Organization

Impacts and Consequences of the War

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 21:58:18 UTC

What are some events from the cold war that still impact us todays. Are there still any consequences from that?

Nuclear Weapons

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 22:00:01 UTC

The nuclear weapons race during the Cold War was a key factor in shaping the political, military, and social landscape of the world during the latter half of the twentieth century. The arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union was characterized by the pursuit of increasingly advanced and destructive weapons, each side seeking to gain an advantage in the event of a potential conflict. This race was driven by a combination of strategic concerns, ideological motivations, and domestic political pressures.

At the heart of the arms race was the development of nuclear weapons technology, which represented a paradigm shift in the nature of warfare. The development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and other long-range delivery systems enabled each side to threaten the other with catastrophic destruction from afar, further escalating tensions.

In the United States, the perceived threat of Soviet aggression led to a domestic climate that favored the pursuit of military strength. This was embodied by the concept of "massive retaliation," which called for the use of nuclear weapons in response to any attack, no matter how small. Likewise, the Soviet Union's own ideology emphasized the importance of military defense and the pursuit of socialism, driving a similar focus on weapons development.

Space Race

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 22:00:17 UTC

In order to demonstrate their technical dominance and control over space exploration, the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a head-to-head rivalry known as the "space race" during the Cold War. Both nations sought to establish their dominance throughout the Cold War in many spheres, including space exploration. Thus, from 1955 through 1975, the two superpowers engaged in rivalry by launching their respective satellites, staffed spaceships, and crewed trips to the Moon.
A race between the two nations began when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 satellite first in 1957. In response, the US launched Explorer 1, its first satellite, in 1958. By sending Yuri Gagarin into space as the first man in 1961, the Soviet Union maintained its advantage.
With the Apollo 11 mission, the United States finally caught up and sent a man to the moon in 1969.
Spending on space programs increased significantly as a result of the space race, which was sparked by the competition between the Soviet Union and the United States. Due to this expenditure, both sides' spacecraft failed frequently, resulting in significant financial loss. Due to the failure or technical challenges of several space missions, the space also become incredibly dangerous for astronauts.
In the end, the space race produced several important breakthroughs and substantial advances in space exploration that are still used today.

Impacts on Trade

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 22:00:28 UTC

Throughout the 20th century, the Cold War had a considerable effect on the world economy. The effects on international trade and cultural interactions were profound. The geopolitical rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States, two of the greatest economies in the world, also had an impact on their respective trading partners. On nations like Cuba and Vietnam that supported the Soviet Union, the US imposed trade restrictions and embargoes. Simultaneously, the Soviet Union imposed comparable sanctions on nations that backed the United States, including South Korea and Israel. The inability of nations to trade with one another resulted in a decline in global commerce and economic growth. Despite the end of the Cold War in 1991, the international economy continues to be affected by the restructuring of trade, geopolitical connections, and economic interdependence.

Impacts on international relationships

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 22:03:13 UTC

Shortly after the end of World War II until the early 1990s, there existed political hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union known as the Cold War. There is no denying that the Cold War had a substantial global influence on international relations. International relations were negatively impacted by the pervasive sense of mistrust and suspicion that developed between nations as a result of the Cold War.
The weapons race between the United States and the Soviet Union was one of the Cold War's most important effects on international affairs. Both nations made significant investments in the creation of nuclear weapons, which increased global anxiety and unease.
As a result of the arms race, which made many nations feel intimidated by the prospect of nuclear conflict, there was an environment of tension that significantly strained international relations.
The development of new alliances and allegiances was another effect of the Cold War on politics around the world. While the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact in 1955, the United States established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. Between the Soviet Union and its allies and the United States and its allies, these ties operated as military alliances. Due to the presence of these alliances, the globe became even more divided and developed a "us vs. them" mindset, which made navigating international affairs much more challenging.

Impact in 3rd world Countries

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 22:46:10 UTC

3rd world countries were significantly impacted by the Cold War as well. Conflicts frequently broke out in the Third World as a result of American and Soviet efforts to influence the regions. The US strove to eradicate any possibility of communism in South America during this trying time, often at the sacrifice of human rights and social advantages. This confrontation, which resulted in proxy wars and political unrest, caught countries like Guatemala in the midst. Shortly after WW2, Juan José Arévalo, the democratically elected president of Guatemala, was overthrown by a CIA coup.
The US perceived a communist danger in his progressive activities, such as the organization of workers, unprecedented freedom of action, actual pay increases, and the enactment of labor laws. The brutal regime that came after is notorious for its common practice of torture and genocide, which were all supported by the West.

Technological Advancements

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 23:11:17 UTC

Because of the cold war, a lot of innovation was fueled. The United States and Soviet Union engaged in a military buildup and technological advancements, leading to increased government spending and heavy investment in defense industries.

During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in technology and scientific research. This led to significant advancements in aerospace, computing, telecommunications, and other industries. The United States government invested heavily in the aerospace industry, leading to the development of advanced technologies that were used in space exploration, telecommunications, and defense. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, invested heavily in the production of nuclear weapons, leading to the development of advanced technology in nuclear fission and fusion.

legacy of the Nuclear race

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-20 23:26:10 UTC

Ultimately, the nuclear weapons race had a profound impact on the Cold War and the world at large. The threat of mutual annihilation loomed over international relations, creating a tense and often unstable atmosphere. This arms race also resulted in the accumulation of a vast arsenal of nuclear weapons on both sides, far beyond what would be necessary for defense, and exponentially increasing the risk of a catastrophic accident or miscalculation. The legacy of the nuclear weapons race is still with us today, serving as a powerful reminder of mankind's capacity for destruction and the need for continued international efforts to prevent catastrophic conflict.

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-21 07:48:42 UTC

The nuclear arms race is like two sworn enemies standing waist deep in gasoline, one with three matches, the other with five.

Carl Sagan

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-21 09:33:42 UTC

https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/space-race-timeline

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-21 09:42:57 UTC

https://archive.org/details/1957-10-07_New_Moon

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-21 09:48:38 UTC

https://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/concl.html

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-21 09:50:59 UTC

https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/trade-cold-wars-and-value-agreements-during-crises

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-21 09:52:16 UTC

https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-russia-nuclear-arms-control

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-21 09:57:15 UTC

https://sheg.stanford.edu/history-lessons/cold-war-guatemala

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-21 13:18:59 UTC

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00706.x

Cuban Missile Crisis

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-21 13:36:06 UTC

A significant turning point in both American and Soviet history was the Cuban missile crisis. The Soviet Union stationed nuclear weapons in Cuba in 1962, endangering US national security in the eyes of the United States. As a result of President Kennedy's response, a naval blockade was imposed, which resulted in a tense 13-day standoff. The crisis exposed the precarious balance of power during the Cold War and illustrated the value of international relations and communication. The crisis nearly brought the world to an end, but negotiations between the US and the Soviet Union resulted in the removal of the missiles in exchange for a US promise not to invade Cuba. The crisis had a significant impact on global politics and international relations, only being resolved due to diplomacy and the fear of nuclear war

Camila_Pinheiro — 2023-04-21 13:38:25 UTC